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Eric's Histology > Blood, Hematopoiesis, Respiratory > Flashcards

Blood, Hematopoiesis, Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Discontinuous connective tissue

A

Cells born in one place and function elsewhere

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2
Q

3 Components of blood

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Buffy Coat

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

Packed cell volume, measurement of Erythrocytes in relation to plasma

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4
Q

Serum

A

Fluid remaining outside of plasma clot

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5
Q

Wright stain: Red to Orange

A

Eosinophilic/Acidophilic

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6
Q

Wright stain: Dark Purple to Black

A

Basophilic

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7
Q

Wright stain: Pink/Tan/Clear

A

Neutrophilic

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8
Q

Wright stain: Blue/Gray

A

Polychromatophilic

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9
Q

Types of Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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10
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes: Polyhmorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs) Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes: Monocytes Lymphocytes

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11
Q

Red Cell life span

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

3 identifiers of erythrocytes

A

No nucleus or organelles Biconcave shape Central pallor

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13
Q

4 essential membrane proteins in RBCs

A

Spectrin - bind to actin, forms a dimer Ankyrin - anchors band3 to spectrin Band3 - anion transporter, facilitates exchange of HCO3- and Cl- across membrane Glycophorins - provide hydrophilic charged coat to prevent sticking

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14
Q

Spherocytosis

A

Loss of connection between cytoskeleton and lipid bilayer causes release of microvesicles reducing erythrocyte to sphere shape. Spherocyte phagocytized by macrophages in spleen.

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15
Q

How is lipid bilayer specialized in RBCs

A

High concentration of Phosphatidylserine on inner monolayer. When PS appears on outside, it signals that the cell is sick.

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16
Q

Sickle Cell anemia and Thalassemia

A

Mutations in genes coding for hemoglobin, alters cell shape, bad cells culled in spleen

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17
Q

Heredetary Spherocytosis

A

Genetic defect in ankrin and spectrin

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18
Q

Anemia

A

Low hemoglobin, reduction of # of RBCs, amount of Hb/RBC, poor O2 binding to Hb

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19
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in RBCs/ml, Produces thick blood, can be due to high altitude, CO poisoning, bone marrow disorders and tumors

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20
Q
A

Neutrophil

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21
Q

PMN response to inflammatory signals

A

PMNs roll along endothelial cells, binding loosely to selectin proteins. Inflammation increases # of selectins, causing PMNs to express Integrin surface proteins, which bind to Integrin receptors. PMNs leave vessels by Diapedesis, move towards infection by chemotaxis

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22
Q

PMN killing of microbes

A

Phagocytosis, fusion with PMN granules containing peroxidases, reactive oxygen species, lysozyme, defensins

Respiratory Burst

Leakage of killing factors causes inflammation

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23
Q

PMN life expectancy

A

Hours in the blood, days in the tissues

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24
Q
A

Eosinophil

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25
Q

Major Basic Protein

A

Eosinophilic granules that kill larval parasites, associated with allergies. MBP can damage host tissues, cause asthma.

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26
Q
A

Basophil

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27
Q

What do basophil granules contain?

A

Granules contain histamine and heparin.

Surfae bound IgE triggers allergic reactions

Basophils are least common

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28
Q
A

Monocyte

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29
Q

What do Monocytes become

A

Macrophages, osteoclaasts, microglia, Kupffer cells.

They are antigen presenting cells

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30
Q
A

Small Lymphocyte

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31
Q

What do small lymphocytes do?

A

T and B cells, involved in acquired immunity

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32
Q
A

Large Lymphocyte/Natural Killer Cell

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33
Q
A

Platelets

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34
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Maintain integrity of CV system, plug small holes, promote clotting reactions.

Have organelles but no nucleus

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35
Q

Where and when does most hematopoiesis occur?

A

Most prenatally- initially in yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow

After birth, amount of hematopoiesis drops off slowly.

After about 20 yrs, no hp in tibia

After 25 years, no ph in femur

Decreases over rest of life in vertebra, sternum and ribs

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36
Q

HSC

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

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37
Q

H-PSC

A

Hematopoietic Pluripotential Stem Cell

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38
Q

CFU-S

A

Colony Forming Unit - Spleen

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39
Q

GEMM

A

Common Myeloid progenitor. Gives rise to Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Monocytes, Megakaryocytes

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40
Q

Lymphoid Stem Cell

A

Common Lymphoid progenitor, gives rise to T and B lymphocytes

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41
Q

BFU - E

A

Burst Forming Unit- Erythrocyte

42
Q

CFU-E

A

Colony Forming Unit - Erythrocyte

43
Q

CSF

A

Colony Stimulating Factor, Cytokine

44
Q

Cytokines

A

Diverse set of protein hormones, generally involved in immune system activities and hematopoiesis

46
Q

Where are all blood cells produced, except T lymphocytes?

A

Bone marrow

47
Q

Visible developmental changes in blood cells

A

Cells get smaller, nucleus gets smaller faster

Nucleoli disappear, chromatin gets clumpy, heterochromatin increases, euchromatin decreases

Non-specific Cytoplasm contents and RNA decrease, specific contents, like Hb or granules increase

In general, basophilic staining decreases

48
Q

Erythrocyte developmental series

A

BFU-E > CFU-E + EPO > Proerythroblast > Basophilic erythroblast > Polychromatophilic erythroblast > Orthochromatophilic erythroblast > Reticulocyte > RBC

49
Q

Proerythroblasts

A

Lacy Chromatin

Nucleoli

Basophilic cytoplasm

50
Q

Basophilic Erythroblasts

A

Condensed Nucleus

No visible nucleoli

Most basophilic cytoplasm

51
Q

Polychromatophilic erythroblasts

A

Cell volume reduced

Regions of basophilia and eosinophilia

52
Q

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

A

Cell and nuclear volume condense

No basophilia

Often eccentric (off center) nucleus

Late in stage nucleus is ejected

53
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Like RBC but still contains RNA and Ribosomes

Methylene blue staining required to se reticulum

54
Q
A

Proerythroblast

55
Q
A

Basophilic Erythroblast

56
Q
A

Polychromatophilic Erythroblast

57
Q
A

Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast

58
Q
A

Reticulocyte

59
Q

Granulocyte Developmental Series

A

CFU-GM > Myeloblast > Promyelocyte > Myelocyte > Meta-Myelocyte > Band Form > Mature Form

60
Q

Myeloblast

A

Finely dispersed Chromatin, faint nucleoli

61
Q

Promyelocyte

A

Promyelocyte: Basophilic cytoplasm, granules

62
Q

Myelocyte

A

Increasing granules, smaller nucleus

63
Q

Meta-myelocyte

A

Increasing granules, bean-shaped/dented nucleus

64
Q

Band Form

A

Nucleus not yet lobed, but bent/C-shaped

65
Q

Mature Form

A

Segmented nucleus

66
Q
A

Myeloblast

67
Q
A

Promyelocyte

68
Q
69
Q
A

Metamyelocyte

70
Q
71
Q
A

Mature Form - neutrophil

72
Q
A

Megakaryocyte

73
Q

Left Shift

A

Infection or bone marrow cancer will cause immature cells to appear in circulation

74
Q

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

A

Slows DNA synthesis, but not RNA and protein synthesis. Causes larger cells (Megaloblasts) with large nucleus

Macrocytic anemia - PMNs become segmented

75
Q

Hematopoietic marrow

A

Red = active

Yellow = inactive/fatty

76
Q

Cords

A

Hematopoeitic tissue in marrow situated between sinusoid vessels

77
Q

Adventitial reticular cells

A

Form network to support cords. Become fatty in yellow marrow

78
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Layer beneath basal lamina in nasal cavities, contains capillary loop system to warm air

79
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium

80
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Covers superior turbinate and roof of nasal cavity, contains bipolar olfactory neurons. Basal cells are stem cells that replace olfactory neurons every 2-3 months.

Lamina propria contains Bowman’s glands that produce liquid that help in odor detection

81
Q

Larynx

A

Contains epiglottis, trachea, vocal cords, etc.

Lingual side has stratified squamous epithelium that ransitions to respiratory epithelium.

Vestibular folds contain glands and lymph nodes

Vocal cords covered in stratified squamous epithelium, contains large vocal muscle

82
Q

Conducting zone

A

Trachea > Primary Bronchus > Secondary Bronchus > Tertiary Bronchi > Bronchioles > Terminal Bronchiole

83
Q

Transitional Zone

A

Terminal Bronchiole - Respiratory Bronchiole

84
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Respiratory Bronchiole > Alveolar Duct > Alveolar Sac

85
Q
A

Olfactory Epithelium

86
Q
A

Respiratory Epithelium

87
Q

Trachea Layers

A

Mucosa - Epithelial cells with Goblet (Mucous producing) cells and basal cells

Lamina Propria - CT, contains Tracheal (Seromucous) Glands that humidify air and trap particles and C shaped cartilage Rings with Trachealis muscle

Tunica Adventitia

88
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

Closes C cartilage ring on posterior side adjacent to esophagus. Relaxes to allow swallowing

89
Q
A

Trachea, C-shaped cartilage, Trachealis muscle

90
Q
A

Bronchi - Surrounded by segmented cartilage

91
Q
A

Terminal Bronchiole

92
Q

Clara Cells

A

In Terminal Bronchioles, secrete surfactant, detoxify, secrete antimicrobial peptides and cytokines, have bronchiolar stem cell population

93
Q

Why is asthma a problem?

A

Hypercontraction of bronchioles where there is no cartilage to hold open

94
Q
95
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin walled sacs, separated by interalveolar septum, connected by alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)

96
Q

Type I Pneumocyte (alveolar cell)

A

% of cell surface, flat, thin cells, joined by tight junctions

97
Q

Type II Pneumocyte (alveolar cell)

A

Large cuboidal cells, function as stem cells for type 1 and 2, produce surfactant

98
Q

Dust Cell

A

Alveolar macrophage

99
Q

Interalveolar Septum

A

Capillary > Cytoplasm of endothelial cell > fused basal lamina > Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte > Alveolus

100
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Alveolar pores in Interalveolar septum

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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