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Eric's Histology > GI system > Flashcards

GI system Flashcards

1
Q

General Gut Layers

A

Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa - Submucosal glands, blood vessels, submucosal nerve plexus
Muscularis - Inner circular layer, Myenteric nerve plexus, outer longitudinal layer
Serosa or Adventitia

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2
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle that expels gland contents, not involved in movement of bulk

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3
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular CT
Large blood vessels
Meissner’s Submucosal Enteric Nerve Plexus - regulates mucosal epithelium and muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Smooth muscle - usually 2 layers. Skeletal muscle in pharynx, upper esophagus and external anal sphincter
Auerbach’s Enteric Plexus - nerves found between muscle layers, regulates motility

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5
Q

Serosa or Adventitia

A

Serosa - mesothelium covering on more mobile regions (suspended in a cavity)
Adventitia - CT covering on more rigid regions

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6
Q

Pharynx

A

Mucosa is stratified squamous non-keratinized
Lacks muscularis mucosae and submucosa
Irregularly arranged skeletal muscle
Coated in adventitia

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7
Q

Esophagus

A

Upper 1/3 is voluntary, lower 2/3 involuntary, involved in peristalsis
Contains esophageal glands in submucosa
Coated in adventitia

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8
Q

Stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Adds acid to food to create chyme
Secretes lipase to digest triglycerides
Secretes pepsin to digest proteins

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9
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of esophagus from acid regurgitated through upper esophageal sphincter

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10
Q

GERD

A

Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease - chronic esophagitis

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11
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

Intestinal metaplasia of esophageal epithelium. Becomes simple columnar epithelium with lots of goblet cells. Looks like colon. Can develop into adenocarcinoma.

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12
Q

Control of digestive activities

A

Neural control
Local factors
Hormone control

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13
Q

Pits and glands

A

Inside of stomach
Pits are openings that vary in depth
Glands are located at the bottom of pits
Pit depth and gland location/type can help you determine where a tissue sample comes from.

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14
Q

Cardia

A

Pits shorter than glands, glands almost all mucous

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15
Q

Body and Fundus

A

Long glands with parietal and chief cells

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16
Q

Pyloris

A

Glands mostly mucous, longer pits

17
Q

Mucous neck cell

A

Lines pits, secretes mucous and bicarbonate

18
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete Gastric acid (HCl) and Gastric Intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 and Ca2+ absorption.
Unique “fried egg” appearance makes them easy to identify.

19
Q

Enterochromaffin-like Cells

A

Secrete histamine to stimulate acid production

20
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

21
Q

D cells

A

Secrete somatostatin to inhibit acid production

22
Q

G cells

A

Secrete gastrin to stimulate acid production

23
Q

DNES

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system

24
Q

APUD

A

Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation

25
Q

DNES cells secrete what?

A

Gastrin, glucagon, histamine, gherlin, somatostatin, serotonin

26
Q

Parietal Cell Acid Secretion

A

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses water and CO2 into H+ and HCO3-.
HCO3- is transported out basally
H+ and Cl- pumped out Apically
H+ and Cl- join to become HCl

27
Q

Control of parietal cell acid secretion

A

Gastrin from G cells and histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells secrete HCl
Cephalic control - 30%, smell taste, conditioning - Vagus nerve
Gastric control - 60%, distension (vagus), Distension of antrum (local reflex), amino acids, small peptides (gastrin)

28
Q

Protective factors of GI epithelium

A

HCO3- and mucus, prostaglandins, mucosal blood flow, growth factors

29
Q

Damaging factors of GI epithelium

A

H+ and pepsin, H. pylori, NSAIDs, stress, smoking, alcohol

30
Q

Gastric movements

A
  1. Propulsion
  2. Grinding
  3. Retropulsion
31
Q

Peristalsis

A

Move food along tract

32
Q

Segmentation

A

Alternate contraction mixes and moves food

33
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Break in mucosa of stomach

34
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma

A

Dysplasia of stomach mucosa

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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