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Eric's Histology > Epithelium and Connective Tissue, Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelium and Connective Tissue, Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium Functions

A

Protection, absorption, secretion

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2
Q

Epithelium basic characteristics

A

Polyhedral cells attached to thin ECM, line organs, form glands, avascular, undergo mitosis, generally show polarity (apical and basal pole)

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3
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Thin layer of extra cellular material between epithelium and connective tissue. Called basal lamina under electron microscopy

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4
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Also called thin or low, single cell layer, often has appearance of “fried egg”, usually lines capillaries and other tubes

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5
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Multiple layers of rounded cells, skin, oral cavity, etc. can be keratinized or not

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6
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of square cells, usually lines ducts and tubes

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7
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Multiple layers of square cells

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8
Q

Simple columnar

A

Single layer of rectangular cells, often have apical cilia, usually line digestive tract

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9
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Multiple layers of rectangular cells

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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Rectangular cells of irregular shape, one layer, often ciliated, usually lines respiratory tract

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11
Q

Urothelium

A

Like stratified squamous with puffy appearance, binucleated, found only in urinary tract

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12
Q
A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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13
Q
A

Stratified Keratinized Squamous

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14
Q
A

Simple Cuboidal

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15
Q
A

Simple Columnar

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16
Q
A

Pseudostratified Columnar

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17
Q
A

Urothelium

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18
Q

Desmosome

A

“Spot welds”, encircle epithelial cell, made of cadherens bound to keratin filaments

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19
Q

Tight Junction/Zona Occludens

A

Form seals between adjacent cells, often found near apical side of cell

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20
Q

Adherens Junction/Zona Adherens

A

Anchor cells to neighbors like a belt, made of cadherens bound to catenin bound to cytoskeleton

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21
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow exchange of nutrients and signal molecules, formed by connexons made of connexin proteins

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22
Q
A

Left: Desmosome, Middle: Zona Adherens, Right: Tight Junction

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23
Q

Progenitor Cells

A

Stem cells, divide to form new epithelial cells, Ex.) Crypt intestinal stem cells

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24
Q

Transient Amplifying Cells

A

Divided stem cells that differentiate into different epithelial cells

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25
Q

Metaplasia

A

Alteration of adult tissue that changes type or distribution

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26
Q

Dysplasia

A

Metaplasia associated with disease occurance, Ex.) Normal columnar epithelium in intestines changing to squamous dysplasia in intestinal cancer

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27
Q

Cancer Progression

A

Normal cells > Dysplasia > Carcinoma > Malignant Carcinoma

Malingancy = breaking through basal lamina

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28
Q

Carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Sarcoma

A

Cancer of epithelial cells

Cancer of glandular epithelia

Cancer of non-epithelial cells

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29
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Includes extracellular matrix, resident cells, protein fibers and ground substance

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30
Q

Resident Cells

A

Permanent: Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Macrophages, Mast Cells

Transient: Plasma cells, lymphocytes, Neutrophils, eosinophils

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31
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete fibers and ground substance, growth factors, have abundant RER and Golgi

Myofibroblasts - after damage, contract like smooth muscle to close wound

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32
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells, store lipids and make hormone

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33
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells, Antigen Presenting Cells

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34
Q

Mast Cells

A

Made in bone marrow, store histamine, heparin, etc. for inflammatory response

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35
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Produce Antibodies, have eccentric nucleus

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36
Q

Lymphocyte

A

T and B cells, darkly stained nucleus, immunity

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37
Q

Neutrophils and Eosinophils

A

Rarely seen in CT unless there’s inflammation

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38
Q
A

Fibroblast

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39
Q
A

Adipocyte

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40
Q
A

Macrophage

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41
Q
A

Mast Cell

42
Q
A

Plasma Cells and Lymphocytes

Only way to tell difference is by looking at Nucleus

43
Q
A

Neutrophils and Eosinophils

Only way to tell difference is by looking for stained granules in eosinophils

44
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in body

Type 1 Collagen fibers - most numerous, form bundles to resist stretch, appear under microscope as rope-like fibers

Type 3 Reticular Fibers - no bundles, allow stretch

45
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Elastin core surrounded by fibrillin, appear under microscope as wire-like fibers. Mutation in fibrillin gene causes Marfan syndrome

46
Q

Ground Substance

A

Viscous fluid between cells and fibers that contains glycoconjugates (glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins)

47
Q

GAGs and Proteoglycans

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) form “bristles” and Proteoglycans form “stem” of bottlebrush like proteins, can be huge, resist compression and are highly hydrated

48
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Structural and adhesive proteins that attach cells to ECM via integrin receptors, Ex.) fibronectin and lamanin

49
Q
A

Collagen Type I - reddish “ropes”

Elastic Fibers - bluish “wires”

50
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Most abundant type of connective tissue. More cells and ground substance, fewer fibers, immediately under epithelia

Ex.) Lamina propria - found under skin and gut tissue

51
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

More fibers, few cells, little ground substance. Fibers arranged randomly. Deeper than loose CT, few nuclei

52
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Fibers arranged in same direction, found only in tendons and ligaments

53
Q
A

Loose and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

54
Q
A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

55
Q

Wound Healing

A

Inflammation > Proliferation > Maturation

Inflammation: Neutrophils and mast cells appear

Proliferation: Myofibroblasts appear, stem cells provide new epithelium

Maturation: Tissue restored. If injury was deep, scar may form

56
Q

Fibrosis

A

Tissue scar from persistent tissue damage/inflammation

57
Q

Parenchyma

A

Essential/functional elements of the organ

Ex.) Epithelial tissue of Kidney

58
Q

Stroma

A

All other tissues of an organ, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves.

Ex.) blood vessels, nerves and CT of kidney

59
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Long, striated, multi-nucleated muscle fibers for strong, quick, discontinuous voluntary contraction. Nuclei peripheral

60
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Short, branched, striated, single or binucleated fibers connected by intercalated disks (desmosomes, fascia adherens, gap junctions). Provide strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction

61
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Non-striated irregularly shaped fibers for weak, slow, involuntary contraction. Often have serpentine nuclei. Actin and myosin arranged in dense bodies and irregularly around cell

62
Q
A

Skeletal Muscle

63
Q
A

Cardiac Muscle

64
Q
A

Smooth Muscle

65
Q

Muscle Contraction in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

A

Troponin C binds to Ca2+ allowing Myosin heads to attach to Actin filaments. Release of ADP triggers power stroke, addition of ATP detaches myosin from actin, ATP hydrolysis “cocks” myosin head.

66
Q

Smooth Muscle Contraction

A

Calmodulin binds to Ca2+ to allow myosin to attach to actin. The rest proceeds same as skeletal and cardiac

67
Q
A

Sarcomere

Know I band, A band, M line, H zone, Z disk, sarcomere

Z disk made of alpha-actinin

Adjacent myofibrils held in register by vimentin and desmin

68
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Mesoderm > Mesenchyme > Myoblasts > Muscle cells

69
Q

Epimysium

A

Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses entire muscle

70
Q

Perimysium

A

Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses a fascicle

71
Q

Endomysium

A

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

72
Q
A

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

73
Q

Synapse Process

A
  1. AP reaches axon terminal
  2. Ca2+ channels open
  3. Ca2+ causes release of neurotransmitter vesicles
  4. Neurotransmitter crosses synapse
  5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors
  6. Trigger signal in post-synaptic neuron
74
Q

Neuron

A

Cell body/perikaryon/soma - large amount of rough ER(nissl substance) and golgi, don’t divide

Dendrites - branched, receive incoming signals, have dendritic spines associated with memory

Axons - long myelinated, transfer signals to subsequent neurons

75
Q
A

Neuron

76
Q

Astrocytes

A

“Star-shaped” glial cells in CNS

Contain Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)

Contribute to blood-brain barrier

Cause Glial scars

Reuptake neurotransmitters

77
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages of CNS, survey environment and mediate immune response

Contain GFAP

78
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate multiple CNS axons

Do not contain GFAP

79
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Also called Sattelite Cells

Only in PNS

Myelenate 1 axon each

Act as phagocytes

80
Q

Groups of Neurons and Axons

A

Neurons in CNS: Nuclei

Neurons in PNS: Ganglia

Axons in CNS: Tracts

Axons in PNS: Nerves

Layers of neurons in CNS: Cortex

81
Q
A

Astrocytes

82
Q
A

Schwann/Satellite Cells in a Ganglion

83
Q

Epineurium

A

Dense connective tissue around entire nerve

84
Q

Perineurium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue around each fascicle

85
Q

Endoneurium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue around each axon

86
Q
A

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

87
Q

Gray Matter

A

Neurons, dendrites and their synapses

Found on the outside of the brain and the inside of the spinal cord

88
Q

Neuropil

A

Region densely filled with dendrites and axons making synaptic contacts

89
Q

White Matter

A

Axons, no neuronal cell bodies

On inside of brain and outside of spinal cord

90
Q
A

Spinal Cord

Gray matter on inside, White matter on outside

91
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line ventricles and central canal, simple cuboidal/columnar layer that expresses GFAP, secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

92
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Folded lining of ventricles, produces bulk of CSF

93
Q
A

Choroid Plexus lined with Ependymal cells

94
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Formed by astrocytes and other epithelial cells surrounding capillaries in the brain

95
Q

Pyramidal Neurons

A

In brain, large, triangular neurons

96
Q

Purkinje Neurons

A

Located in the Cerebellum, have large dendritic arbors

97
Q

Enteric Ganglion

A

Nerve ganglion located below the glandular layer of the gut

98
Q
A

Pyramidal neurons

99
Q
A

Purkinje Neuron

100
Q

Muscle structure/layers

A

Myofibril < Myofiber (muscle cell) < Fascicle < Muscle

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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