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Joeli Unit 5 > Pancreas and Endocrine > Flashcards

Pancreas and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Beta cells make up what percent of islet

A

70%

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2
Q

beta cells secrete

A

insulin
proinsulin
C peptide
amylin

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3
Q

alpha cells make up what percent of islet

A

20%

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4
Q

alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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5
Q

delta cells make up what percent of islet

A

~5%

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6
Q

delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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7
Q

delta cells block

A

blocks release of insulin and glucagon from nearby cells
blocks release of other gastric hormones and growth hormones

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8
Q

where are beta cells mainly found

A

middle

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9
Q

where are alpha and delta cells mainly found

A

periphery

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10
Q

how does blood flow in islet

A

flows from center outwards

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11
Q

does blood flow deliver somatostatin to beta cells

A

no

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12
Q

what junctions connect cells to allow for communication and regulation of hormone release in islet of langerhands

A

tight junctions
gap junctions

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13
Q

parasympathetic stimulation for islet of langerhans

A

parasympathetic stimulation via vagus nerve
cholinergic to increase insulin –> primes pancreas

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14
Q

sympathetic stimulation for islet of langerhans

A

alpha adrenergic –> inhibitory

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15
Q

what primes pancreatic beta cells

A

incretins

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16
Q

definition of incretins

A

peptides released by intestinal cells that augment beta cell response to oral glucose stimulus

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17
Q

examples of incretins

A

chyolecystokinin
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

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18
Q

What is GLP-1 broken down by

A

dipeptidyl-peptidase 4

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19
Q

where is pre-proinsulin made

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

is pre-proinsulin active

A

no, it is nonactive

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21
Q

order for pre-proinsulin

A

pre b c a post

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22
Q

biologic activity proinsulin

A

1% in comparison to insulin

23
Q

parts of proinsulin

A

b c a

24
Q

proinsulin is transported where to create insulin

A

from RER to golgi apparatus

25
Q

ratio of insulin to c peptide release into systemic circulation

A

1:1 ratio

26
Q

what percent of insulin is removed in first-pass through portal circulation

A

60%

27
Q

where is c peptide excreted

A

in urine
it is not extracted by liver in first pass!!!

28
Q

function of amylin

A

inhibits glucagon release
decreases gastric emptying
acts centrally to decrease appetite

29
Q

what are the two ways that pro glucagon can be processed

A

alpha cells in the pancreas
neuroendocrine L cells in the intestines

30
Q

alpha cells in the pancreas create

A

glucagon

31
Q

neuroendrocrine L cells create

A

GLP-1

32
Q

function of GLP-1

A

stimulates insulin synthesis and release

33
Q

glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen

34
Q

glycolysis

A

metabolic pathway that converts glucose to create energy

35
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

36
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of new glucose from noncarb precursors

37
Q

when does glycogenesis occur

A

when glucose levels are sufficient enough to allow excess glucose to be stored in liver and skeletal muscle

38
Q

function of glycogenolysis

A

increases blood glucose levels and provides energy

39
Q

function of gluconeogesis

A

provides glucose when dietary intake is insufficient

40
Q

glucose transport is primarily controlled by

A

glucose transporters (GLUT)

41
Q

GLUT allows glucose into the cell via

A

facilitated diffusion

42
Q

Where are insulin independent GLUT transporters found

A

liver
brain
RBC
retina
kidney
nervous tissue

43
Q

what is the catalyst that converts glucose to G-6-P through phosphorylation

A

hexokinase isoenzymes (HK)

44
Q

what is the first step in the utilization of glucose for storage for energy metabolism

A

conversation of glucose to G-P-6 via hexokinase isoenzymes through phosphorylation

45
Q

phosphorylation of glucose effect —

A

makes it difficult for it to leave the cell

46
Q

where are sodium dependent glucose transports (SGLT) found

A

intestinal mucosa
proximal tubule of nephron

47
Q

which sodium dependent glucose transporter is found in intestinal mucosa

A

SGLT1

48
Q

which sodium dependent glucose transporter is found in proximal tubule of nephron

A

SGLT2

49
Q

SGLT2 allows for

A

reabsorption of glucose

50
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by

A

glucose (primarily)
amino acids and ketoacids (weakly) via the citric acid cycle

51
Q

insulin secretion is caused by (think about ions)

A

closure of K+/ATP channel and opening of voltage-gated calcium channel

52
Q

how many sulfonylurea receptors are present on K+/ATP channel

A

4

53
Q

function of sulfonylurea receptors on K+/ATP channel

A

they stimulate closure –> increase insulin release

Joeli Unit 5 (10 decks)

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