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PJ1311 The Human Body > Pancreas And Diabetes > Flashcards

Pancreas And Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What functions does oancreas have

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

Retro perutoneal, 2nd lumbar vertebral level

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3
Q

What two innervations does pancreas have

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

What are the three aprts of pancreas

A

Head (linked to bile ducts) body and tail

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5
Q

What are the exocrine parts of pancreas

A

Acinar cells

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6
Q

Whats the function of pancreatic islet

A

Endocrine part

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7
Q

What are the nests of cells called

A

Islets of langerhans

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8
Q

What are three major cell types and function

A

Alpha secrete glucagon
Bete secrete insulin
Delta secrete somatostatin

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9
Q

Where are delta nad alpha cells located

A

Periphery

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10
Q

What is pancreatic polypeptide

A

Released internally to self regulate pancreas activities

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11
Q

What us amylin

A

Released with insulin

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12
Q

Describe insulin

A

Polypeptide linked by disulfude binds

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13
Q

Why is insulin injected

A

Its a polypeptide and would be broken down in stomach

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14
Q

How is insulin made

A

Pro insulin forms c peptide then insulin

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15
Q

Why is it hard to measure insulin

A

Short half life so measure c peptide instead

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16
Q

What stimulate leoduction of insulin

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What is an inhibitor for insulin

A

Somanostatin

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18
Q

What feedback is glucose control

A

Negative
Blood glucose increase
Increase insulin
Glucose used by tissue
Inculin decreased in blood

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19
Q

Why is calcium important

A

Muscle contraction
Precursor for insulin production

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20
Q

Where is sodium levels higher in inside or outside of cells

A

Outside of cells

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21
Q

What type of channel is the calcium channel

A

Voltage gated ion channel

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22
Q

What happens during stimulatory blood glucose

A

More atp produced

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23
Q

Whats the function if GLUT4

A

Insulin stimulated glucose transport

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24
Q

Where is GLUT4 found

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

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25
Name an important receptor in the insulin intracellular effect
Tyrosine kinase
26
Whats the function of tyrosine kinase
Add’s phosphate
27
What are insulin effects on glucose metabolism
Stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle and glycolysis in most cells In liver insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis
28
What effect does insulin have on adipose fat tissue
Converted into fatty acids in form of triacylglycerols
29
What effect does insulin have on lrotein metabolism
Stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle inhibiting proteolysis
30
Where is glucagon located
Alpha cells
31
Whats the main physio roles of glucagon
Increase blood sugar levels through stinukation if glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
32
What effect does glucagon have on insulin
Antagonist
33
What does the opening of k channel then cause
Opens the sodium voltage gated channels
34
What effects does glucagon have on liver
Opposite effects from insulin, works via cAMP increasing blood glucose
35
What does glucagon stimulate
Breakdown if triacylglycerol Stimulates liver lipolysis and ketogenesis
36
What organs use ketones
Heart and muscle
37
What does glucagon stimulate
Stimulate Liver proteolysis gluconeogenesis and urea cycle
38
Where is somatostatin released
Delta cells of the islets of langerhans
39
What doe’s somatostatin inhibit
Release of growth hormone Release of almost all peptide hormones
40
What happens when we have high insulin and low glucagon
Insulin stimulates conversion of amino acids to protein Insulin stimulates the conversion of fatty acids to triacylglycerol
41
What happens when glucagon is high and insulin is low
Liver and muscle glucagon and muscle converted to glucose Lipolysis Ketones formed
42
What type of diabetes are there
Diabetes insipidus- not to do with bood sugar Diabetes mellitus t1/t2 Gestational diabetes - transient and occurs in pregnancy
43
Tell me More about diabetes insipidus
Polydipsia thirst Polyuria increased urination Due to lack of production of Anti Dieuretic hormone Kidney cannot make enough concentrated urine and too much water is passed from body
44
Where is adh formed
Posterior pituitary
45
Talk more about gestational diabetes
Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy Develops in third trimester Risk factors High BMi And if had diabetes in lrevious pregnancies
46
Tell me more about diabetes mellitus
Affect ability to produce or repsones to insulin Body has trouble moving glucose from body into cells Leads to: Abnormal metabolism of carbs More glucose in urine
47
What is type 1 diabetes
Auto imuune disease where body destroys b cells This affects ability of pancreas to release insulin
48
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes
Polyuria Polydispsia Polyphagia Weight loss Stunted growth children Ketoacidosis
49
List major complications of diabetes
Renal damage nephropathy Neuropathy leading to gangrene Cardiovascular high BP heart disease Retinopathy cataracts glaucoma Brain damage Extremities
50
What two tests are there for diabetes
Glucose tolerance test Glycated haemoglobin Hb A1c
51
What does glucose tolernace test test for
Measure blood glucose levels at given time points following ingestion of glucose
52
What does Hb A1c test for
Chrronic measurement of glucose levels
53
What is the only treatment for T1 diabetes and why
Subcutaneous injection or via pump and that is because insulin is a polypeptide and will be digested in body and not absorbed
54
What are the three types of insulin
Short Intermediate Long acting
55
What is the cause of type two diabetes
Insulin resistance
56
What are risk factors for type two diabetes
Obesity Hypertension Lack of exercise Genetics
57
What are the theories to why people develop diabetes
Perpetual feeding state- cells constantly exposed to insulin Cells stop responding to insulin Pancreas increases insulin release Pancreas burns out Pro Inflammatory cytokines released from adipose tissue cause inflammation which stoo normal insulin signalling pathway
58
What are the two types of treatment for diabetes
Lifestyle changes such as increae in exercise Pharmacological treatment
59
What are the different types of treatment for diabetes
Insulin sensitivers Insulin secretagogues Drugs which slow reabsorption of glucose Incretins- stimulate insulin release
60
What are example of insulin sensitivers
Biguanides - metformin
61
Examples of Insulin secretagogues
Sulphyonlureas- gluclazide
62
What are examples of slow reabsorptions of glucose
SGLT 2 inhibitors
63
How does metformin work
Increase glucose uptake into cells and improves sensitivity of insulin receptor Decreases both hepatic glucose production and intestinal absorption of glucose
64
What is the typical reduction in HbA1C values for metformin
1.5-2.0%
65
How do sulfonylureas work
Stimulate release of insulin, bind to SUR 1 on pancreatic beta cells closing ATP channels
66
How do SGLT inhibitors work eg dapagliflozin canagliflozin
Inhibit renal reabsorption of glucose
67
What do SGLT inhibitors can alsi be used to treat
Prognosis of Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure
68
How do incretins DPP4 inhibitors and GLP 1 analogues work
Incretins decrease blood glucose by stimulating insulin release DPP4 breaks down incretins

PJ1311 The Human Body (5 decks)

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