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PJ1311 The Human Body > Pancreas And Diabetes > Flashcards

Pancreas And Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What functions does oancreas have

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

Retro perutoneal, 2nd lumbar vertebral level

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3
Q

What two innervations does pancreas have

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

What are the three aprts of pancreas

A

Head (linked to bile ducts) body and tail

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5
Q

What are the exocrine parts of pancreas

A

Acinar cells

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6
Q

Whats the function of pancreatic islet

A

Endocrine part

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7
Q

What are the nests of cells called

A

Islets of langerhans

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8
Q

What are three major cell types and function

A

Alpha secrete glucagon
Bete secrete insulin
Delta secrete somatostatin

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9
Q

Where are delta nad alpha cells located

A

Periphery

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10
Q

What is pancreatic polypeptide

A

Released internally to self regulate pancreas activities

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11
Q

What us amylin

A

Released with insulin

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12
Q

Describe insulin

A

Polypeptide linked by disulfude binds

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13
Q

Why is insulin injected

A

Its a polypeptide and would be broken down in stomach

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14
Q

How is insulin made

A

Pro insulin forms c peptide then insulin

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15
Q

Why is it hard to measure insulin

A

Short half life so measure c peptide instead

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16
Q

What stimulate leoduction of insulin

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What is an inhibitor for insulin

A

Somanostatin

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18
Q

What feedback is glucose control

A

Negative
Blood glucose increase
Increase insulin
Glucose used by tissue
Inculin decreased in blood

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19
Q

Why is calcium important

A

Muscle contraction
Precursor for insulin production

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20
Q

Where is sodium levels higher in inside or outside of cells

A

Outside of cells

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21
Q

What type of channel is the calcium channel

A

Voltage gated ion channel

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22
Q

What happens during stimulatory blood glucose

A

More atp produced

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23
Q

Whats the function if GLUT4

A

Insulin stimulated glucose transport

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24
Q

Where is GLUT4 found

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

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25
Q

Name an important receptor in the insulin intracellular effect

A

Tyrosine kinase

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26
Q

Whats the function of tyrosine kinase

A

Add’s phosphate

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27
Q

What are insulin effects on glucose metabolism

A

Stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle and glycolysis in most cells

In liver insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis

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28
Q

What effect does insulin have on adipose fat tissue

A

Converted into fatty acids in form of triacylglycerols

29
Q

What effect does insulin have on lrotein metabolism

A

Stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle inhibiting proteolysis

30
Q

Where is glucagon located

A

Alpha cells

31
Q

Whats the main physio roles of glucagon

A

Increase blood sugar levels through stinukation if glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

32
Q

What effect does glucagon have on insulin

A

Antagonist

33
Q

What does the opening of k channel then cause

A

Opens the sodium voltage gated channels

34
Q

What effects does glucagon have on liver

A

Opposite effects from insulin, works via cAMP increasing blood glucose

35
Q

What does glucagon stimulate

A

Breakdown if triacylglycerol
Stimulates liver lipolysis and ketogenesis

36
Q

What organs use ketones

A

Heart and muscle

37
Q

What does glucagon stimulate

A

Stimulate Liver proteolysis gluconeogenesis and urea cycle

38
Q

Where is somatostatin released

A

Delta cells of the islets of langerhans

39
Q

What doe’s somatostatin inhibit

A

Release of growth hormone
Release of almost all peptide hormones

40
Q

What happens when we have high insulin and low glucagon

A

Insulin stimulates conversion of amino acids to protein
Insulin stimulates the conversion of fatty acids to triacylglycerol

41
Q

What happens when glucagon is high and insulin is low

A

Liver and muscle glucagon and muscle converted to glucose
Lipolysis
Ketones formed

42
Q

What type of diabetes are there

A

Diabetes insipidus- not to do with bood sugar
Diabetes mellitus t1/t2
Gestational diabetes - transient and occurs in pregnancy

43
Q

Tell me
More about diabetes insipidus

A

Polydipsia thirst
Polyuria increased urination
Due to lack of production of Anti Dieuretic hormone
Kidney cannot make enough concentrated urine and too much water is passed from body

44
Q

Where is adh formed

A

Posterior pituitary

45
Q

Talk more about gestational diabetes

A

Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy
Develops in third trimester
Risk factors
High BMi
And if had diabetes in lrevious pregnancies

46
Q

Tell me more about diabetes mellitus

A

Affect ability to produce or repsones to insulin
Body has trouble moving glucose from body into cells
Leads to:
Abnormal metabolism of carbs
More glucose in urine

47
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Auto imuune disease where body destroys b cells
This affects ability of pancreas to release insulin

48
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

Polyuria
Polydispsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Stunted growth children
Ketoacidosis

49
Q

List major complications of diabetes

A

Renal damage nephropathy
Neuropathy leading to gangrene
Cardiovascular high BP heart disease
Retinopathy cataracts glaucoma
Brain damage
Extremities

50
Q

What two tests are there for diabetes

A

Glucose tolerance test
Glycated haemoglobin Hb A1c

51
Q

What does glucose tolernace test test for

A

Measure blood glucose levels at given time points following ingestion of glucose

52
Q

What does Hb A1c test for

A

Chrronic measurement of glucose levels

53
Q

What is the only treatment for T1 diabetes and why

A

Subcutaneous injection or via pump and that is because insulin is a polypeptide and will be digested in body and not absorbed

54
Q

What are the three types of insulin

A

Short
Intermediate
Long acting

55
Q

What is the cause of type two diabetes

A

Insulin resistance

56
Q

What are risk factors for type two diabetes

A

Obesity
Hypertension
Lack of exercise
Genetics

57
Q

What are the theories to why people develop diabetes

A

Perpetual feeding state- cells constantly exposed to insulin
Cells stop responding to insulin
Pancreas increases insulin release
Pancreas burns out
Pro Inflammatory cytokines released from adipose tissue cause inflammation which stoo normal insulin signalling pathway

58
Q

What are the two types of treatment for diabetes

A

Lifestyle changes such as increae in exercise
Pharmacological treatment

59
Q

What are the different types of treatment for diabetes

A

Insulin sensitivers
Insulin secretagogues
Drugs which slow reabsorption of glucose
Incretins- stimulate insulin release

60
Q

What are example of insulin sensitivers

A

Biguanides - metformin

61
Q

Examples of Insulin secretagogues

A

Sulphyonlureas- gluclazide

62
Q

What are examples of slow reabsorptions of glucose

A

SGLT 2 inhibitors

63
Q

How does metformin work

A

Increase glucose uptake into cells and improves sensitivity of insulin receptor

Decreases both hepatic glucose production and intestinal absorption of glucose

64
Q

What is the typical reduction in HbA1C values for metformin

A

1.5-2.0%

65
Q

How do sulfonylureas work

A

Stimulate release of insulin, bind to SUR 1 on pancreatic beta cells closing ATP channels

66
Q

How do SGLT inhibitors work eg dapagliflozin canagliflozin

A

Inhibit renal reabsorption of glucose

67
Q

What do SGLT inhibitors can alsi be used to treat

A

Prognosis of Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure

68
Q

How do incretins DPP4 inhibitors and GLP 1 analogues work

A

Incretins decrease blood glucose by stimulating insulin release
DPP4 breaks down incretins

PJ1311 The Human Body (5 decks)

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