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PJ1311 The Human Body > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

all the organs and tissues that release hormones

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2
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

system of ductless glands that make hormones

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3
Q

why are endocrine glands ductless

A

secretions are released into blood straight away

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4
Q

give an example of an organ that secretes hormones

A

pancreas

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5
Q

give example of pure endocrine gland

A

Pituitary/Pineal/Thyroid/Parathyroid/Adrenal with 2 glands medulla and cortex

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6
Q

give examples of endocrine cells in other organs

A

Pancreas/Thymus/Gonads/Hypothalamus

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7
Q

what is the difference between purely endocrine glands and endocrine cells in other organs?

A

pure endocrine just endocrine whereas endocrine cells in other organs mean they serve both endocrine and exocrine

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8
Q

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrines do not have ducts whereas exocrines do, endo just release hormones whereas exocrine release sweat enzymes and mucus
endocrine products released directly into blood stream whereas exocrine are released into an internal organ or external surface through a duct

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9
Q

give examples of endocrine

A

thyroid,parathyroid,pituitary/adrenal

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10
Q

give examples of exocrine

A

saliva/liver/oesophageal glands

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11
Q

describe the 3 elements of endocrine system

A

chemical which mean hormones are sent to messengers/ remote communication system/control a huge no of physiological processes

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12
Q

what are the components of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands and hormones

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13
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, comprised of endocrine cells, releasing blood directly into blood stream

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14
Q

what are pheromones

A

hormones outside of the body signalling to others of same species

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15
Q

what do pheromones relate to in animals

A

alarm/food/sex

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16
Q

what are hormones

A

organic chemical messengers made by endocrine cells secreted into blood stream

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17
Q

how do hormones work

A

hormones regulate/integrate and control physio functions

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18
Q

how do hormones travel in body

A

circulate in blood, theyre long distance messengers, and act on distant target cells

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19
Q

whats the difference between autocrine and paracrine

A

autocrine activates same cell, whereas paracrine activates neighbouring cells

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20
Q

what is autocrine and paracrine signalling

A

when a cell acts as a self regulator or regulates neighbouring cells

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21
Q

what are target cells

A

cells that contain a specific receptor for a particular hormone

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22
Q

where are hormone receptors

A

on target cells

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23
Q

where can hormone receptors be found

A

surface,cytoplasm,nucleus

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24
Q

how are target cells activated

A

when specific hormones bind to them

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25
Q

what happens if a hormone cannot bind or does not bind to receptor

A

no physiological results

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26
Q

how do hormones work

A

activate a specific response in a specific target cell

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27
Q

give the stages of the programmed response of target cells

A

bind to receptor=receptor hormone complex / enters nucleus / acts as a trasncription factor binding to DNA/ activates or represses one or more genes / forms a cell type specific

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28
Q

what is a cell type specific

A

specific phenological/ morphological functions

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29
Q

give different actions of hormones

A

fetal growth/cell growth and cancer/metabolism/cardiovascular function/renal function/skeletal function/reproductive function/immune function/cns function

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30
Q

describe the 3 hormone classifictaions

A

peptide / amino acids derivatives/ steroid hormones

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31
Q

what are lipophilic hormones

A

non polar hormones that are fat soluble that bind to intracellular recptors

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32
Q

give examples of lipophilic hormones

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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33
Q

why can lipohillic hormones bind to intracellular receptors

A

can pass the lipid bilayer of cells

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34
Q
A
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35
Q

what is a hydrophillic hormone

A

polar watre soluble hormone

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36
Q

give examples of hydrophobic hormones

A

all other hormones that are not steroid or thyroid

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37
Q

where do hydrophillic hormones bind to

A

extra cellular receptors

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38
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

hormones comprimised of amino acids

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39
Q

where are peptide hormones synthesized

A

ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reiticulum

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40
Q

where can peptide hormones be stored

A

in vesicles

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41
Q

why cant peptide hormones readily pass through cell membrances

A

because theyre water soluble

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42
Q

where are peptide hormone receptors found

A

cell surface of target cells

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43
Q

why do peptide hormones bind to receptors on surface target cell

A

theyre not lipid soluble

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44
Q

what are the 3 amino acid derivatives

A

tyrosine/thyroid hormones/tryptophan

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45
Q

give examples of tyrosine derivatives

A

catecholamines eg epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine

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46
Q

give examples of thyroid hormones

A

t4 thyroxine / t3 triidothyronine

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47
Q

give examples of trytophan derivatives

A

melatonin

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48
Q

What are steroid hormones produced by?

A

gonads, adrenal cortex and kidneys

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48
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholestrol

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49
Q

can steroid hormones be stored in vesicles in the endo system that produce them

A

no

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50
Q

are steroid hormones lipid soluble

A

yes

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51
Q

where are steroid hormones receptors located

A

inside their target cell

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52
Q

what are the two types of steroid hormones

A

adrenal and sex hormones

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53
Q

what is homeostasis

A

process of keeping inside body steady and balanced

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54
Q

what happens to blood vessels when body temp rises

A

blood vessels open= heat is lost to outised environment, sweat glands seceret fluid = heat lost = body temp decreases= normal body temp

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55
Q

what happens when temperature of body falls

A

blood vessels get smaller = heat is not lost body starts to shiver= produces heat and so temp rises

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56
Q

what is the process of fine regulation

A

constant monitoringof homeostasis and adjustments in neural and endocrine control

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57
Q

what is negative feedback

A

body turns off signal in response to change in body

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58
Q

is negative feedback homeostatic or not

A

its homeostatic

59
Q

what is positive feedback

A

signal starts another signal

60
Q

give and example of positive feedback

A

childbirth

61
Q

give an example of negative feedback

A

regulation of thyroid levels

62
Q

what happens in the negative feedback cycle

A

level of hormones control its own production/ secretion

63
Q

what are the 3 examples of neurohormones

A

neurotransmitters/hormones produced by neurons/releasing hormones

64
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

neurohormones that are released into blood by chromaffin cells

65
Q

where are chromaffin cells found

A

medulla of adrenal glands

66
Q

give an example of hormones produced by neurons

A

oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus, transported to the posterior pituitary

67
Q

give examples of releasing hormones

A

growth hormone releasing which is produced in the hypothalamus and travels to anterior pituitary

68
Q

what do releasing hromones stimulate

A

a gland instead of a target organ

69
Q

what are the three mechanisms of hormone release and explain them

A

humoral- response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in blood
neural -stimulation by nerves
hormonal- stimulation recieved by other hormones

70
Q

what does the endocrine system comprise of

A

primary and secondary endocrine organs

71
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical signals that enter blood and act as distant target sites

72
Q

what are the two main regulators of the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus and endocrine system

73
Q

what is the normal pathway of hormones

A

hypothalamus- activate pituitary gland= pituitary release hormone = activate end organ

74
Q

what 2 mechanisms control hormone release

A

+/- feedback

75
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

underneath brain, behind bridge of nose

76
Q

what is another name for pit gland

A

hypophysis

77
Q

what is the name for the anterior pit gland

A

adenohypophysis

78
Q

what is the name for the posterior pit gland

A

neurohypophysis

79
Q

what is the posterior pit gland attached to?

A

hypothalamus

80
Q

describe the anterior pit gland

A

true endocrine gland, pit gland composed of 6 distinctive endocrinocytes, under control by the hormones released by hypothalamus, portal veins carry blood from hypothalamus to pituitary

81
Q

what is the hypophyseal portal system

A

communicates the HYPO AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY, hyp secrete hormones=start/stop secretion of anterior pit

82
Q

where are pepride hromones synthesised

A

cell body of hypothalamic neuros

83
Q

in neurohypophysis, where are the hormones released

A

into the hypophyseal vein

84
Q

what hormones does the anterior gland release

A

tsh/adrenocorticotropic hormone/fsh/lh/prolactin/growth hormone

85
Q

what does the posterior gland release

A

adh( antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin

86
Q

what is the role of prolactin

A

breast development and milk production, found in low levels in Both males and females

87
Q

what is the role of growth hormone

A

growth and puberty/ levels decrease through life span

88
Q

what is the role of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

stimulates adrenal glands to release corticosteroids, responding to stress

89
Q

what is the role of thryoid stimulating hromone

A

stimulates thyroid release, involved in regulating metabolism

90
Q

what is the role of leutinizing hormone

A

ovulation and stimulates androgen release by testis

91
Q

what is the role of fsh

A

growth and oestrogen production from ovary and stimulates sperm follicle production

92
Q

what does adh control

A

water retention and vesse constriction

93
Q

what does oxytocin control

A

uterine contraction and breast feeding

94
Q

what does the hypo secrete

A

releasing hormone- stimulate the making and releasing of 1 or more hormones in ant pit gland
inhib hormone- prevent synth and release of hormones by ant pit gland

95
Q

where does the hyp recieve input from

A

cortex/thalamus/limbic system

96
Q

what does dopamine inhibit

A

prolactin

97
Q

what would happen if the pit glands fail

A

diabetes=too little ADH
Acromegaly=too much GH in Adulthood
Gigantism= too much GH in childhood

98
Q

what are the causes and symptoms of gigantism and acromegaly

A

too much GH made=bigger thicker broader bones= anterior pit tumours

99
Q

where is the thyroid gland located and what is its role

A

anterior neck trachea,two lobes and an isthmus,

produces two hormones T3/T4 ,

Calcitonin = calcium and phosphorus metabolism

100
Q

explain structure of thyroid gland

A

follice cells which produce thyroglobulin forming a colloid lumen

parafollicular c cells produce calcitonin

101
Q

Explain the production of T3/T4

A

Follicular cells make enzymes and thyroglobulin for colloid cells

Iodine is co transported into cell with na to reach colloid

iodine + thyroglobulin= t3/t4

thyroglobuln taken back into cell

intracellular enzymes separate t3/t4 from protein

t3/t4 free to enter blood stream

102
Q

in Binding selectivity, what do nuclear receptor for TH prefer to bind to and why

A

T3 because it is more potent

103
Q

what does T3 deficeincy cause

A

hypothyroidism

104
Q

whats the role of t4

A

pro hormone

105
Q

what is a prohormone

A

precursor of a hormone,

doesnt make much of aneffect by itself, travelling in blood in inactive form

106
Q

what does t4 act as

A

a reservior

107
Q

compare half lives of t3 and t4

A

t3 half life very short, t4 5-7 more stable than t3

108
Q

what are the action of t3 + t4?

A

Control basal metabolism rate = increasing oxygen and energy consumption at rest
in fetal development, promotes protein synthesis growth and skeletal maturation

109
Q

what can a deficiency in t3/t4 lead to

A

cns damage if not corrected by mid gestation

110
Q

list some effects of t3/t4 deficiencies

A

tremors/nervousness hyperactivity/decrease in blood cholesetrol / increased temperature

111
Q

describe the effects of calcitonin in regulating calcium levels

A

secreted from thyroid parafollicular c cells = slows down the calcium releasing activity of osteoclasts in bone

112
Q

what is a goitre

A

swelling of thyroid gland= lump in neck, caused by iodine deficiency= hyper/hypo thyroidism

113
Q

what is hyperthyroidsim

A

overactive thyroid, too much thyroid
causes unexplained, unplanned weight loss nervousness and anxiety, hyperactivity

114
Q

what is the cause of graves disease

A

IgG antibodies produced against the thyrotropin receptor= mimc action of tsh=stimulation of gland= uncontrolled production of t3/t4

115
Q

what are the cellular changes related to grave’s disease

A

hypertrophy/hyperplasia

116
Q

what effect do autoantibody receptors have on hormone synthesis

A

unregulated/overproduction of thryoid hormones

117
Q

what are the causes of hypothyroidism

A

surgery of glands and inflammation of thyroid gland

118
Q

explain what is meant by inflammation of thyroid gland

A

large percent of cells damaged or dead= not enough hormone produced

119
Q

what is hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

auto immune thyroiditis= thyroid inflamed as aresult of immune system attacking itself

120
Q

what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

muslce fatigue, problems sleeping,nervousness

121
Q

what are the treatments for hyperthyroidism

A

antithyroid methimazole +propylthiouracil = stop thyroperoxidase which is required for addition of iodine to tyrosine
radioactive iodine
beta blockers for symptome control
surgery= thyroidectomy

122
Q

what are some symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

depression, cold intolerance , tiredness

123
Q

what are the treatments for hypothryoidism

A

levothyroxine, manufactured form of t4

123
Q

where are parathyroid glands located

A

on posterior surface of thyroid gland

123
Q

what is the function of cheif cells

A

produce PTH (parathyroid hormone and peptide hormone)

123
Q

what type of cells are in parathyroid glands

A

chief and oxyphil cells

124
Q

what is the function of PTH

A

maintains blood conc of ca2+,
when blood calcium is low, stimulates osteoclats to release ca2+ from bone = lower secretion of ca2+ by kidney= activates vitamin d which stimulates uptake of ca2+ from intestine

125
Q

what is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

low calcium and low pth

126
Q

what is the cause of hyperparathyroidism

A

low calcium, high levels of PTH

127
Q

what is the cause of Independent Hypercalcemia

A

high calcium levels, low PTH levels

128
Q

what is the cause of hyperparathyroidism

A

high calcium and PTH

129
Q

where are adrenal glands located

A

top of kidney

130
Q

what is the difference between adrenal cortex and medulla

A

cortex=outer
medula = inner

131
Q

what is aldosterone

A

steroid hormone synthesised in adrenal cortex in response to a decline in either blood volume or blood pressure

132
Q

where is the the action site for aldosterone

A

principal cells of the cortical distal tubules and collecting duct

133
Q

what is the effect of aldosterone

A

kidneys retain na+ and water reabsorption
k+ secretion

134
Q

what is the mechanism of action for aldosterone

A

a combines with cytoplasmic receptor
starts transcription in nucleus
new protein channels and pumps made
aldosterone induced proteins modify existing proteins
= increased na reabsorption and k+ secretoion

135
Q

explain the hormone cortisol

A

glucocorticoid, essential for life, helps body deal with stressful situations within minutes
regulates cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic and homeostatic body function

136
Q

what is the role of cortisol on the brain

A

keeps glucose levels high enough to support brain activity
forces other body cells to switch to fats and amino acid for energy
catabolic=breakdown protein

137
Q

how does cortisol affect immune system

A

redirects circulating lymphocytes to lymphoid and peripheral tissues
can depress immune and inflammatory response = therapeutic use

138
Q

what happens in the stress cycle

A

hypo releases CRH anterior releases ACTH
ACTH goes to adrenal cortex= glucocorticoid secretion
DHEA converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogen + steroid hormones

139
Q

what is a cause of excess secretion of cortisol

A

cushings syndrome, caused by ACTH secreting pit tumour

140
Q

what happens when cortisol production reduced

A

addisons disease = low cortisol, aldosterone, blood glucose and sodium

141
Q

what are the symptoms of cushing syndrome

A

red round face, obesity,skin ulcers, muslce wasting

142
Q

what are the symptoms of addisons diseas

A

hyperpigmentation, low blood sugar, adrenal crisis

143
Q
A

PJ1311 The Human Body (5 decks)

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