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Physiology Exam 4 > pancreas > Flashcards

pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

two main hormones of pancreas

A

glucagon
insulin

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2
Q

alpha cells

A

glucagon - increase blood glucose

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3
Q

beta cells

A

insulin - decrease blood glucose

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4
Q

amylin

A
  1. inhibits the GI tract - slow absorption of glucose
  2. satiety factor
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5
Q

dela cells

A

somatostatin
* inhibits glucagon and insulin sectretion
* release increases after a meal

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6
Q

gamma PP cells

A

pancreatic polypeptide - increased release during fasting
* inhibits exocrine pancreas secretion of enzymes

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7
Q

absorptive state

A

within a few hours of a meal
food being digested and absorbed

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8
Q

postabsorptive state

A

more than a few hours since a meal - food not being digested and absorbed
* breakdown of storage forms for energy

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9
Q

keto-diet

A

eat less carbs –> use fat –> fatty acids –> ketones

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10
Q

too many ketones causes

A

diabetes mellitus

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11
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

high amounts of keto acids –> ketoacidosis

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12
Q

insulin synthesis

A

start w/ large protein (proinsulin), cleaved by peptidase in beta cells, forms insulin and C-peptide

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13
Q

importance of C-peptide

A

can be measured as a marker for insulin

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14
Q

insulin and C-peptide are secereted by

A

exocytosis (in vesicle)

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14
Q

effects of insulin on carbohydrates

A

1.stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, cardaic muscle, and adipose cells, but no the brain
2.stimulates glycogen synthesis - liver, muscle
3.inhibits gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

GLUT 1

A

transport of glucose across the blood brain barrier

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16
Q

GLUT 2

A
  • kidneys - glucose reabsorption, liver - glucose uptake or relase
  • pancreas - beta cells - regulate insulin release
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17
Q

GLUT3

A

on neurons

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18
Q

GLUT 4

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose (fat) cells

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19
Q

what glucose transporter is insulin regulated

A

GLUT 4

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20
Q

net effect of insulin on carbohydrates

A

move glucose into cells and out it into storage

21
Q

net effect insulin on lipids

A

move fat from the blood to be used for energy or put into storage

22
Q

net effect of insulin on proteins

A

move amino acids inot cells and put it into storage

23
Q

what stimulates insulin secretion

A

glucose
amino acid
free fatty acids
ACh
GIP
GLP-1

24
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion

A

Ep, NE
somatostatin

25
Q

GIP

A

released from GI tract - stimulated by glucose in the GI

26
Q

GLP-1

A

released from GI tract - stimulated by glucose, amino acids, fat in the GI tract

27
Q

feedforward

A

stimulates release before the blood absorbs the stimulatory factor

28
Q

in diabetes mellitus, above what amount of glucose causes it to appear in the urine

A

> 200 mg/dl

29
Q

type I diabetes mellitus

A

death of beta cells
* lack of insulin production

29
Q

type II diabetes mellitus

A

lak of insulin effects on cells
* defect in signaling pathways in cells
* decreased insulin receptors
cause: obesity, age, genetic

30
Q

type I diabetes mellitus treatment

A

insulin injections

31
Q

type II diabetes mellitus treatment

A

exercise
weight loss

32
Q

acute complications of diabetes mellitus

A

cell and body dehydration
* increase of glucose in extracellular fluid –> cells shrink
* glucose in urine –> dehydration + ketoacidosis = diabetic coma

33
Q

chronic complications with diabetes mellitus

A
  • increased cardiovascular disease
  • peripheral europathy
  • nephropathy
  • retinopathy
34
Q

peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy are all caused by

A

damage to capillaries

35
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque in arteries (cholesterol, calcium)
* due to increased cholesterol because of increased fat mobilization

35
Q

insulin shock

A

insulin causes decreased blood glucose (hypoglycemia)
* stimulates GLUT4 and GLUT1, not enough blood-glucose for the brain

36
Q

proglucagon is made in _ cells in pancreas

A

alpha

37
Q

proglucagon is made in _ cells in GI tract

A

L

38
Q

is the pancreas (alpah cells) absorptive or postabsorptive in glucagon synthesis

A

postabsorptive

39
Q

is the GI tract (L cells) absorptive or postabsorptive in glucagon synthesis

A

absorptive

40
Q

does GLP-1 increase or decrease blood glucose

A

decrease

41
Q

does glucagon increase to decrease blood glucose

A

increase

41
Q

what stimulates glucagon secretion

A

amino acids
NE, Ep
ACh

42
Q

what inhibits glucagon secretion

A

glucose
insulin
somatostatin
free fatty acids

43
Q

NE, Ep increases

A

gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
AKA glood glucose

44
Q

cortisol increases

A

gluconeogenesis (blood glucose)

45
Q

GH decreases _ but increases _

A

glucose uptake into cells, blood glucose

46
Q

Insulin decreases

A

blood glucose

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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