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Tobias full > Palate > Flashcards

Palate Flashcards

1
Q

How may pairs of pharyngeal arches are there in the embryo?
What arches form the mandibular and maxillary prominences?

A
  • 6 pharyngeal arches
  • The first arch forms the mandibular and maxillary prominences
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2
Q

What form of epithelium forms in the nasal cavity and the oral cavity?

A
  • Nasal - pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  • Oral - stratified squamous
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3
Q

What bones form the hard palate?

A
  • Palatine
  • Maxillary
  • Incisive bones
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4
Q

Name the following bones

A
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5
Q

What is the normal level of extension of the soft palate?

A

Extends just caudal to last maxillary molar teeth in normal dogs

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6
Q

List the muscles of the soft palate and their function

A
  • Palatinus - shortens the palate rostrocaudally
  • Tensor veli palatini - Stretched the soft palate between the pterygoid bones
  • Levator veli palatini - Elevates the caudal soft palate
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7
Q

What are the 2 functions of the soft palate during swallowing?

A
  • Stimulation of sensory nerves in the palate are part of the mechanism that triggers swallowing
  • Closure of intrapharyngeal opening suring swallowing and vomiting to prevent food entering the nasopharynx and subsequently being aspirated
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8
Q

What side do unilateral cleft lips most commony form?

A

Left

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9
Q

At what time in foetal development does an insult need to occur to result in a palatal defect?

A

between day 25-28 in dogs

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10
Q

List some basic principles of surgical correction of palate defects

A
  • Teeth at the surgical site or those which could damage the repair are removed 6-8 weeks prior to definitive repair
  • Laser, electrosurgical and radiosurgical devices not used for haemostasis
  • Flap should be at least 1.5x as wide as the defect they are going to cover
  • 2-layer closure
  • Suture lines preferable not overlying a void
  • Injured tissue left to fully declare itself prior to repair
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11
Q

What is the standard closure technique for a:
- Congenital hard palate defect
- Traumatic hard palate “split” as with highrise syndrome
- Soft palate midline cleft

A
  • Congenital hard palate - Overlapping flap
  • Traumatic highrise syndrome - Medially positioned flap
  • Soft palate - medially positioned flap
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12
Q

Name this flap

A

Overlapping flap

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13
Q

Name this flap

A

Medially-positioned flap

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14
Q

List options for surgical correction of congenital hypoplasia of the soft palate

A
  • Bilateral tonsillectomy and extension
  • Bilateral buccal mucosal flaps (one rotated, one rotated and overlapped)
  • Bilateral pharyngeal advancement flaps and one overlapping hard palate flap
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15
Q

How do you repair an oronasal fistula?

A

Labial-based mucoperiosteal flap

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16
Q

How can you close a large caudal hard palate defect?

A

Split palatal U-flap

17
Q

List options for large palatal defects

A
  • Removal of teeth 6-8 weeks prior
  • Local axial pattern flaps (based on major palatine and infraorbital arteries)
  • Distant axial pattern flaps (angularis oris, caudal auricular, superifical temporal etc)
  • Tongue flap
  • Grafting of auricular cartilage
  • Corticocancellous tibial bone
  • Myoperitoneal microvascular flaps
  • Prostheses
18
Q

What % or airway resistance is due to the nose in normal dogs?

A

80%

19
Q

What is Poiseuille’s law?

A

Q = pie(pressure difference)(r^4)/8nl

Q - rate of flow
r - radius
n - viscosity of the gas
l - length of airway

Flow is proportional to radius to the fourth power

20
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

A stretch reflex mediated by vagal fibres that control the rate and depth of respiration.

Causes a longer contraction of the inspiratory muscles during each breath cycle in response to increased upper airway resistance

21
Q

What functional disorders may also contribute to BOAS?

A
  • Fibrosis of the pharyngeal dilator muscles
  • Pharyngeal collapse
22
Q

What % of dogs with BOAS have moderate to severe GI signs?

A

10-74%

23
Q

What is the normal tracheal diameter?

A

20% of thoracic inlet

24
Q

What should be given before or at induction for upper airway exam?

A

Anticholinergic to minimise risk of severe bradycardia from vagal discharge during pharyngoscopy

25
Q

What setting should be used for CO2 laser staphylectomy?

A
  • 5-6W
  • Continuous mode
26
Q

What is the prognosis following soft palate resection?

A

Good to excellent in 90%

Persistent or recurrent signs should prompt a skull CT and retroflexed nasopharyngeal endoscopy to assess for nasopharyngeal turbinates

Tobias full (110 decks)

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