pain managment, pharmocology

Question 1

pain

Answer 1

unpleasant sensory and emotional reaction associated with actual or potential tissue damage
complex multidimensional experience
harmful, unpleasent, progressive

Question 2

fear

Answer 2

natural emotion that causes an animal to avoid situations that may be dangerous

Question 3

anxiety

Answer 3

anticipation of future danger that may be unknown, imagined or real

Question 4

stress

Answer 4

body’s physiological response triggered by anxiety or fear

Question 5

time dependant

Answer 5

acute vs chronic

Question 6

process dependant

Answer 6

noniceptive pain, inflamatory, neuropathic pain

Question 7

response dependant

Answer 7

adaptive vs maladaptive

Question 8

nociception pain

Answer 8

sensory component of pain

Question 9

acute pain

Answer 9

associated with tissue damage
evoked by disease or injury

Question 10

chronic pain

Answer 10

persists beyond normal time of healing

Question 11

maladaptive pain

Answer 11

pain is amplified by molecular and cellular changes
wind up pain

Question 12

wind up pain

Answer 12

pain signal which comes into the centeral nervous system and becomes stronger and stronger and longer lasting despite stimulus remaining the same intensity and duration

Question 13

Analgesics

Answer 13

drugs which reduce perception of pain without loss of conciousness

Question 14

transduction pain pathway

Answer 14

stimulation of sensory nerve endings

Question 15

transmission pain pathway

Answer 15

transmission of receptor to sensory nerve endings and towards spinal cord

Question 16

modulation pain pathway

Answer 16

pain travels and meets the brain

Question 17

opioids side effects

Answer 17

depress respiratory center
vasodialation of blood vessels
causes vomiting and constipation
stimulates cardiovascular center in the brain
pupillary changes and light reflex

Question 18

opioid use

Answer 18

primarily for patients with strong acute pain
when inflamatory drugs are contradicted
multimodal pain managment for chronic pain

Question 19

fentynl

Answer 19

full agonist
72 hr duration
opioid

Question 20

codine

Answer 20

opioid
prodrug of morphine
agonist
mild - moderate pain
duration 4-6 hrs

Question 21

tramadol

Answer 21

opioid like prodrug
weak receptor agonist
cause sedation

Question 22

buprenorphine

Answer 22

opioid
partial agonist
slow onset of action 45 mins
duration 6-8 hrs

Question 23

butorphanol

Answer 23

partial opioid
mixed agonist antagonist receptors
duration 1 hr

Question 24

antiinflamatorys

Answer 24

drugs which remove pain and discomfort associated with pain
steroids and non steroidals

Question 25

inflamation

Answer 25

local immune response to cellular or tissue injury or infection

Question 26

mineralocorticoids

Answer 26

corticosteroids
steroid
affect body minerals
involves water and electrolyte balance

Question 27

glucocorticoids

Answer 27

corticosteroids
steroids
produce anti inflamatory
effect glucose metabolism
cortisone and cortisol

Question 28

corticosteroid drugs

Answer 28

man made, closely mimic the effect of natural steroids
avoid continuous use
smallest dose possible
wean off drug
Dexmethasone, prednil

Question 29

NSAIDs

Answer 29

non steroidal antiflam drugs
inhibit enzymes which form prostaglands
pre emptive analgesia

Question 30

NSAIDs side effects and precautions

Answer 30

ensure 24 hrs between switching NSAIDs
GI ulceration/ bleeding
animals under 6 weeks
renal haemorrhage
not to use with cortiocsteroids

Question 31

meloxicam

Answer 31

cox 2 NSAID
injectable and oral

Question 32

carprofen

Answer 32

cox 2 NSAID

Question 33

mavacoxib

Answer 33

cox s NSAID
not for cat use

Question 34

firocoxib

Answer 34

newer cox 2 NSAID
oral

Question 35

grapiprant

Answer 35

non cox NSAID
only licenced for osteoatheritis

Question 36

cerenia

Answer 36

anti emetic
prevent acute vomiting