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Therapeutic Modalities > Pain, Document, Disablement > Flashcards

Pain, Document, Disablement Flashcards

1
Q

pain

A

unpleasant physical and emotional experience which signifies tissue damage or the potential for such damage

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2
Q

pain is a _________ mechanism

A

protective

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3
Q

3 types of pain

A

somatic
referred
physchogenic

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4
Q

somatic pain

A

originates in the skin and other internal structures; pain that you feel because of some sort of trauma that has happened to you

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5
Q

referred pain

A

internal organs; diffuse or referred

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6
Q

psychogenic pain

A

no apparent physical cause, by sensation of pain is felt

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7
Q

mylein sheath

A

insulation around some nerves; produced by schwann cells; speeds transmission of action potentials

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8
Q

neurotransmitters

A

substances that allow nerve impulses to move from one neuron to another

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9
Q

substance P

A

transmission of pain-producing impulses

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10
Q

acetylcholine

A

responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses; PNS and CNS

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11
Q

norepinephrine

A

causes vasoconstriction; underlies “fight or flight” repsonse

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12
Q

enkephalins

A

reduce pain perception by bonding to pain receptor sites; blocks substance P from attaching

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13
Q

endorphins

A

morphine line neurohormone; thought to increase pain threshold

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14
Q

serotonin

A

substance that causes local vasodilation and increase permeability of capillaries

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15
Q

dorsal nerve roots

A

transmit sensory/afferent information; ascending - sending information to the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

ventral nerve roots

A

carry motor/efferent information; descending - coming from the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

first order neruon

A

connects to peripheral sensory receptors and projects information to dorsal root ganglion in spinal cord; synapses with cell body of second order neuron in dorsal root ganglion

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18
Q

second order neruron

A

cell body located in DRG; crosses the midline and ascends to the thalamus

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19
Q

third order neuron

A

cell body in the thalamus and projects to the cortex

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20
Q

neural transmisson

A

first order afferents transmit impulses from the sensory receptor to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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21
Q

A alpha

A

large diameter
thick myelin
fastest
motor neurons in MS and GTO

22
Q

A beta

A

large diameter
thick myelin
fast
light touch, vibration, hair deflection

23
Q

A delta

A 
small diameter
thin myelin
slow
neurons that carry information causing pain
FAST pain
sharp pain, touch, temperature, pressure
24
Q

C

A 
small diameter
no mylein
slowest
SLOW pain
dull & diffuse pain, touch, intense pressure, extreme temperature
25
Q

nociceptors

A

nerve endings that are sensitive to painful stimuli; detect and transmit pain from receptor to brain/cortex

26
Q

peripheral sensory receptors

A

provides CNS with information about pain, touch, vibration, temperature and proprioceptors

27
Q

surperficial sensory receptors - located in or just below the surface of the skin

A

mechanoreceptors - pressure, skin stretch and touch
thermoreceptors - temperature
nociceptors - pain

28
Q

deep sensory receptors - located in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints

A

proprioceptors - muscle length, joint position, joint end range
nociceptors - pain
mechanoreceptors - muscle length and tension, ligamentous deformation

29
Q

somatosensory pathways

A

dorsal column-medial leminscus

spinothalamic tract

30
Q

paleophinothalamic tract

A

carries slow pain (c fibers); nociceptor; first order neuron (c fiber) to laminae II and III in dorsal horn (substantia gelatinosa); becomes the second-order neuron where it crosses the spinal cord

31
Q

neospinothalamic

A

carries fast pain (a delta fibers); nociceptor; first order neuron to dorsal root ganglion; second-order neuron crosses and sends information to the thalamus and then the cortex

32
Q

thalamus

A

area of brain where pain is first identified and sorted out with the spinothalamic tract

33
Q

pain perception is influenced by which factors?

A 
physical
chemical 
social
psychological
culture
34
Q

gate control theory

A

spinal cord level; ascending pain control mechanism; giving the area with pain a different sensation; “gate” is located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa); impulses from faster fibers (a beta) arrive at gate and inhibit pain impulses; a beta fibers will transfer information to the T (tract) cells faster; GOAL - activate more A beta fibers

35
Q

if a beta fibers are more active the gate _______

A

closes

36
Q

if C fibers are more active the gate ______

A

opens

37
Q

if c fibers are more active, there is an _______ response and more pain is felt

A

excitatory

38
Q

descending pain modulation

A

transmit impulses from the brain to the spinal cord (lamina I); periaqueductal gray area (released enkephalins) and nucleus raphe magnus (releases serotonin); the release of enkephaline and serotonin inhibit ascending neurons (shut down C fibers); stimulation of PGA in the midbrain and NRM cases analgesia (loss of sensation; control/reduces pain); information sent from CNS to PNS; hormones are released; shuts down A delta and C fibers

39
Q

central biasing theory

A

descending neurons are activated by stimulus of a delta and c neurons, cognitive processes, anxiety, depression; causes release of enkephalins (PAG) and serotonin (NRM) to inhibit pain; blocks a delta and c neurons

40
Q

endogenous opiates theory

A

release of enkephalins from local sites in CNS and beta endorphins from pituitary gland into spinal fluid; blocks ascending nerve impulses
ex. runner’s high

41
Q

local pain

A

site of injury or tissue trauma

42
Q

referred pain

A

non-specific, diffuse, unknown origin

43
Q

radicular pain

A

compression on nerve root

44
Q

pain assessment

A

should include both subjective (from the patient) and objective (something that can be measure; questionnaire)

45
Q

nagi diablement model

A 
active pathology
impairment
functional limitation
disability
quality of life
46
Q

active pathology

A

injury or illness

47
Q

impariment

A

abnormality at the site of injury

48
Q

functional limitiation

A

limitations in actions; actions make up activites

49
Q

disability

A

limitations in activities

50
Q

quality of life

A

factors that contribute to an individual’s vitally and (dis)satisfaction with their existence

Therapeutic Modalities (6 decks)

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