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Therapeutic Modalities > Pain, Document, Disablement > Flashcards

Pain, Document, Disablement Flashcards

1
Q

pain

A

unpleasant physical and emotional experience which signifies tissue damage or the potential for such damage

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2
Q

pain is a _________ mechanism

A

protective

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3
Q

3 types of pain

A

somatic
referred
physchogenic

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4
Q

somatic pain

A

originates in the skin and other internal structures; pain that you feel because of some sort of trauma that has happened to you

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5
Q

referred pain

A

internal organs; diffuse or referred

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6
Q

psychogenic pain

A

no apparent physical cause, by sensation of pain is felt

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7
Q

mylein sheath

A

insulation around some nerves; produced by schwann cells; speeds transmission of action potentials

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8
Q

neurotransmitters

A

substances that allow nerve impulses to move from one neuron to another

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9
Q

substance P

A

transmission of pain-producing impulses

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10
Q

acetylcholine

A

responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses; PNS and CNS

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11
Q

norepinephrine

A

causes vasoconstriction; underlies “fight or flight” repsonse

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12
Q

enkephalins

A

reduce pain perception by bonding to pain receptor sites; blocks substance P from attaching

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13
Q

endorphins

A

morphine line neurohormone; thought to increase pain threshold

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14
Q

serotonin

A

substance that causes local vasodilation and increase permeability of capillaries

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15
Q

dorsal nerve roots

A

transmit sensory/afferent information; ascending - sending information to the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

ventral nerve roots

A

carry motor/efferent information; descending - coming from the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

first order neruon

A

connects to peripheral sensory receptors and projects information to dorsal root ganglion in spinal cord; synapses with cell body of second order neuron in dorsal root ganglion

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18
Q

second order neruron

A

cell body located in DRG; crosses the midline and ascends to the thalamus

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19
Q

third order neuron

A

cell body in the thalamus and projects to the cortex

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20
Q

neural transmisson

A

first order afferents transmit impulses from the sensory receptor to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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21
Q

A alpha

A

large diameter
thick myelin
fastest
motor neurons in MS and GTO

22
Q

A beta

A

large diameter
thick myelin
fast
light touch, vibration, hair deflection

23
Q

A delta

A 
small diameter
thin myelin
slow
neurons that carry information causing pain
FAST pain
sharp pain, touch, temperature, pressure
24
Q

C

A 
small diameter
no mylein
slowest
SLOW pain
dull & diffuse pain, touch, intense pressure, extreme temperature
25
nociceptors
nerve endings that are sensitive to painful stimuli; detect and transmit pain from receptor to brain/cortex
26
peripheral sensory receptors
provides CNS with information about pain, touch, vibration, temperature and proprioceptors
27
surperficial sensory receptors - located in or just below the surface of the skin
mechanoreceptors - pressure, skin stretch and touch thermoreceptors - temperature nociceptors - pain
28
deep sensory receptors - located in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
proprioceptors - muscle length, joint position, joint end range nociceptors - pain mechanoreceptors - muscle length and tension, ligamentous deformation
29
somatosensory pathways
dorsal column-medial leminscus | spinothalamic tract
30
paleophinothalamic tract
carries slow pain (c fibers); nociceptor; first order neuron (c fiber) to laminae II and III in dorsal horn (substantia gelatinosa); becomes the second-order neuron where it crosses the spinal cord
31
neospinothalamic
carries fast pain (a delta fibers); nociceptor; first order neuron to dorsal root ganglion; second-order neuron crosses and sends information to the thalamus and then the cortex
32
thalamus
area of brain where pain is first identified and sorted out with the spinothalamic tract
33
pain perception is influenced by which factors?
``` physical chemical social psychological culture ```
34
gate control theory
spinal cord level; ascending pain control mechanism; giving the area with pain a different sensation; "gate" is located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa); impulses from faster fibers (a beta) arrive at gate and inhibit pain impulses; a beta fibers will transfer information to the T (tract) cells faster; GOAL - activate more A beta fibers
35
if a beta fibers are more active the gate _______
closes
36
if C fibers are more active the gate ______
opens
37
if c fibers are more active, there is an _______ response and more pain is felt
excitatory
38
descending pain modulation
transmit impulses from the brain to the spinal cord (lamina I); periaqueductal gray area (released enkephalins) and nucleus raphe magnus (releases serotonin); the release of enkephaline and serotonin inhibit ascending neurons (shut down C fibers); stimulation of PGA in the midbrain and NRM cases analgesia (loss of sensation; control/reduces pain); information sent from CNS to PNS; hormones are released; shuts down A delta and C fibers
39
central biasing theory
descending neurons are activated by stimulus of a delta and c neurons, cognitive processes, anxiety, depression; causes release of enkephalins (PAG) and serotonin (NRM) to inhibit pain; blocks a delta and c neurons
40
endogenous opiates theory
release of enkephalins from local sites in CNS and beta endorphins from pituitary gland into spinal fluid; blocks ascending nerve impulses ex. runner's high
41
local pain
site of injury or tissue trauma
42
referred pain
non-specific, diffuse, unknown origin
43
radicular pain
compression on nerve root
44
pain assessment
should include both subjective (from the patient) and objective (something that can be measure; questionnaire)
45
nagi diablement model
``` active pathology impairment functional limitation disability quality of life ```
46
active pathology
injury or illness
47
impariment
abnormality at the site of injury
48
functional limitiation
limitations in actions; actions make up activites
49
disability
limitations in activities
50
quality of life
factors that contribute to an individual's vitally and (dis)satisfaction with their existence

Therapeutic Modalities (6 decks)

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