Inflammation and Tissue Repair

Question 1

therapeutic

Answer 1

the applied stress must be conductive to the healing process of the injury

Question 2

modality

Answer 2

application of some form of stress on the body for the purpose of eliciting an adaptive response

Question 3

When looking up sources remember…

Answer 3

editorials, expert opinion
case series, case reports
case-control studies
cohort studies
randomized controlled trials 
systematic reviews

Question 4

primary trauma

Answer 4

immediate cellular destruction due to the trauma; irreversible

Question 5

secondary trauma

Answer 5

cell death caused by blockage of oxygen (hypoxia) supply to the injured area

Question 6

how to prevent secondary trauma

Answer 6

rest, ice, compression, elevate

Question 7

3 phases of healing

Answer 7

inflammatory response phase
fibroplastic repair phase (proliferative)
maturation remodeling phase

Question 8

inflammatory response phase

Answer 8

chemical messengers elicit local and systemic effects, cells remove debris, and cells create groundwork for repair/regeneration
initial reaction of the body tissue to an irritant of injury
typically lasts 3 to 4 days
purpose-protect, localize and prepare for healing
limit pain and swelling** - treatment goal

Question 9

fibroplastic repair phase (proliferative phase)

Answer 9

cells restore vascular and structural integrity of injury structures; normal healing process takes about 2 days to 6 weeks
starts around 48 to 72 hours post injury
granulation phase & fibroplastic/proliferative phase

Question 10

maturation phase

Answer 10

healed tissues adapt to functional loading; normal healing process takes about 3 weeks to 2 years
begins 3 weeks after injury
granulation tissue is replaced with new collagen

Question 11

the healing process

Answer 11

continuum; phases overlap with no distinct beginning or end points; phases do not always continue forward

Question 12

immediate response to inury

Answer 12

vasoconstriction; norepinephrine

Question 13

______ occurs due to the release of chemical mediators

Answer 13

vasodilation; histamine and leukotaxin

Question 14

cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 14

heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 15

WBCs in inflammatory response

Answer 15

margination - cells move to the endothelial lining
pavementing or rolling - cells line the endothelium in a tightly packed formation
leukocytes attach to cell walls
chemotaxis - cells are drawn to the injured site
begins phagocytosis

Question 16

3 mechanisms that stop blood loss

Answer 16

vasodilation
platelet plug
coagulation cascade

Question 17

clotting process

Answer 17

platelets adhere to one another (clot); clotting cascade - permanent stop of blood loss; fibrin patch - forms blood clot or scab

Question 18

granulation phase

Answer 18

growth of new tissue (re-epithelizlization), development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), development of fibrous tissue (fibroplasia)

Question 19

during maturation phase type _____ collagen is replaced with type ___ collagen

Answer 19

III; I

Question 20

subacute inflammation

Answer 20

an inflammatory process that lasts up to or over one month

Question 21

chronic inflammation

Answer 21

inflammation lasting longer than a month and in some cases years

Question 22

what causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 22

autoimmune response or as an extension of acute inflammation

Question 23

in tissues of higher metabolic activity such as skin and muscle, would closure should occur in _______ days

Answer 23

5 to 8

Question 24

in tissues of lower metabolic activity such as ligaments and tendons, would closure occurs in ______ weeks

Answer 24

3 to 5

Question 25

repair

Answer 25

tissues heal with a scar

ex. ligament, tendon, bone, muscle, cartilage

Question 26

regeneration

Answer 26

actual tissue is replaced

ex. bone

Question 27

peripheral nerves

Answer 27

slowest tissue in the body to heal; 2-4 mm a day

Question 28

bone healing - phase 1

Answer 28

acute phase; hematoma forms and begins to develop a soft callus

Question 29

bone healing - phase 2

Answer 29

repair/regeneration - up to 8 to 12 weeks; soft callus to hard callus

Question 30

bone healing - phase 3

Answer 30

remodeling phase; resorption of callus; osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel bone based on Wolff’s law
soft callus –> hard callus –> trabecular bone