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Therapeutic Modalities > Basic Principles of Electricity > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Electricity Flashcards

1
Q

Electricity

A

a fundamental form of energy observable in positive and negative forms that occur naturally or is produced and that is expressed in terms of the movement and interaction of electrons

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2
Q

Static electricty

A

friction between two objects. one gains electrons and one loses electrons; like ions repel and opposites attract

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3
Q

Current flows from ______ pole to ______ pole

A

positive, negative

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4
Q

Conductors

A

materials that allow the current to pass through

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5
Q

Insulators

A

materials that resist the flow of current

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6
Q

resistors

A

materials that allow some current to pass through

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7
Q

Watts

A

the amount of work that is done as amps are pushed by volts; watts = volts * amps

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8
Q

Voltage

A

the potential to cause current (movement of energy); the amount of electrical pressure

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9
Q

Amperage

A

the volume of electricity that flows fast a particular point in a given period of time

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10
Q

Electrical current

A

the rate at which charge (q) flows through a cross section of a conductor in a unit time (t)

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11
Q

Volt

A

a unit of force required to push a current of 1 amp (A) through the resistance of 1 Ohm

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12
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

a relationship between current (I), voltage (V), and resistance (R); current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; I=V/R

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13
Q

Closed circuit

A

formed when a complete path is formed between two poles

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14
Q

Positive pole

A

anode

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15
Q

Negative pole

A

cathode

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16
Q

Flow is going to flow from the _______ to the _______

A

cathode (negative). anode (positive)

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17
Q

non-biologic insulators

A

glass, rubber, oil, asphalt, fiberglass, porcelain, ceramic, quartz, dry cotton, dry paper, dry wood, plastic, air, diamond

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18
Q

non-biologic conductors

A

silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron, steel, brass, bronze, mercury, graphite, dirty water, concrete

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19
Q

The more free flowing electrons a tissue has, the ______ electricity passes through it

A

easier

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20
Q

blood and nerves

A

high electron flow, low electrical impedance (easy to pass through)

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21
Q

Muscle

A

medium electron flow, medium impedance

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22
Q

skin, adipose tissue and bone

A

low electron flow, high impedance (difficult to pass through)

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23
Q

the resistance of an electical circuit path is _______ proportional to its cross sectional diamater

A

inversely; the greater the cross-sectional area of a path, the less resistance to current flow

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24
Q

Ice

A

increases impedance/resistance; usually will need to increase intensity after a few minutes

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25
Q

Heat

A

decrease impedance/resistance; usually will need to decrease intensity after a few minutes

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26
Q

direct current

A

completely below or above the isometric line

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27
Q

alternating current

A

alternates above and below the isometric line (not always equal)

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28
Q

pulsed currents

A

break between pulses; monophasic and biphasic

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29
Q

Direct Current/Galvanic Current

A

unidirectional flow of electrons; continuous current flow only on one side of the isoelectric baseline

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30
Q

amplitude

A

the maximum distance that the pulse rises above or below the isoelectric baseline

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31
Q

pulse duration/pulse width

A

the horizontal distance of the shape of the pulse, measured in microseconds

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32
Q

pulse charge

A

the area within the waveform

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33
Q

Alternating Current

A

direction of flow changes from positive to negative in a cyclical manner

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34
Q

Sine wave

A

basic pattern of an alternating current

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35
Q

alternating current frequency

A

cycles per second (Hz); pulses per second

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36
Q

cycle duration

A

inversely related to frequency; as frequency increases, cycle duration decreases

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37
Q

Monophasic currents

A

depolarize sensory and motor nerves, useful for creating muscle contractions, pain control

38
Q

monophasic pulses

A

one phase per pulse

39
Q

Biphasic currents

A

bidirectional flow of electrons marked by periods of non-current flow

40
Q

biphasic pulses

A

each pulse has 2 phases; one on each side of the isoelectric line

41
Q

biphasic symmetrical

A

each phase is the mirror image of the other; NMES

42
Q

biphasic asymmetrical

A

two phases do not mirror each other, unbalanced (do not carry the same charge) - NMES, balanced (whole phase carries an equal charge) - TENS

43
Q

interpulse interval

A

the time between the conclusion of one pulse and the start of the next; always longer in duration; allows repolarization

44
Q

Pulse period

A

one pulse + interpulse interval

45
Q

Pulse charge

A

the number of electrons contained with a pulse; expressed in microcoulombs

46
Q

the _____ the phase charge, the stronger the contraction (with NMES)

A

higher

47
Q

pulse frequency

A

the number of pulses per second (hertz, Hz)

48
Q

frequency

A

describes the number of pulses of cycles per second of current delivered to tissues

49
Q

15 to 40 pps

A

increases muscle tone

50
Q

pulse rise

A

the amount of time it takes for the pulse to reach its peak value

51
Q

need a rapid pulse rise to stimulate _____ motor neurons

A

alpha

52
Q

pulse trains (bursts)

A

individual flows of current that are regularly interrupted by periods of non-current flow at regular intervals

53
Q

amplitude ramp: up

A

allows for gradual muscle contraction

54
Q

amplitude ramp: down

A

allows for gradual relaxation

55
Q

Two types of circuits

A

series & parallel

56
Q

Series

A

electrical current flows along one set route; each component has the same amperage but voltage varies

57
Q

Parallel

A

electrons are provided with alternative paths to follow; electrons take the past of least resistance

58
Q

Current density

A

the amount of current per unites area; volts per square inch

59
Q

Current density is inversely proportional to the size of the electrode

A

bigger the pad, lower the density (comfortable); smaller the pad, higher the density (uncomfortable)

60
Q

duty cycle

A

the amount of time the current is flowing as opposed to the time the current is not flowing

61
Q

series current

A

current enters the body through a series circuit

62
Q

parallel current

A

once the current is through the skin, it may take many different path, forming a parallel circuit

63
Q

electrical leads

A

conduct the current to and from the generator, the electrodes and the patient; minimum of 2 leads is required

64
Q

electrodes

A

self-adhesive, metal, carbon-impregnated silicon rubber

65
Q

electrode-skin interface

A

the contact where the flow of electrons use by the stimulator changes to the flow of ions in the body’s tissue

66
Q

Positively charged sodium and potassium ions from the ______ pole

A

negative

67
Q

Negatively charges ions, chlorides more towards the _______ pole

A

positive

68
Q

Electrode size is ___________ related to the current density

A

inversely; smaller electrodes has greater density

69
Q

Sites on the body that are more conductive to electric current

A

Stimulation points; motor points, trigger points, and acupuncture points

70
Q

motor point

A

an area where the muscle is most easily excited with the minimum amount of stimulation; usually located in the center of the muscle mass

71
Q

trigger point

A

hyper irritable areas of skeletal muscle associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers

72
Q

acupuncture points

A

locations on the body that are the focus of acupuncture and acupressure treatments

73
Q

Proximity of the electrodes

A

determine which tissue will be stimulated, the depth of stimulation, and the number of parallel circuits forms

74
Q

Biopolar technique

A

use of two electrodes or two sets of electrodes; equal amounts of stimulation occurs under each electrode

75
Q

Monopolar technique

A

uses one or more active electrodes placed over the target tissue; requires a dispersive pad to complete the circuit that is placed outside the treatment area

76
Q

Quadripolar technique

A

two bipolar circits each on it’s own channel; channel 1 - two electrodes of the same size (proximal); channel 2 - two electrodes of the same size (distal)

77
Q

Nerves are depolarized in an orderly, predeictable fashion based on three factors

A

the diameter of the nerve fiber, the depth of the nerve fiber in relation to the electrode, and the duration of the pulse or pjase

78
Q

Sensory A beta fibers

A

pins and needles feeling

79
Q

Motor nerves

A

causes muscle twitching

80
Q

A delta and C fibers

A

pain detecting fibers; noxious response

81
Q

Stimulation levels

A

Subsensory
Sensory
Motor
Noxious

82
Q

Subsensory

A

intensity is increased to the point that that patient starts to feel sensation, then reduced slightly (about 10%); patient doesn’t feel anything

83
Q

Sensory

A

intensity is increased until a slight twitch is felt, then reduced slightly (about 10%); pins and needles feeling

84
Q

Motor

A

intensity is increased until a visible, non-painful muscle contraction is acheived

85
Q

Noxious

A

intensity is increased until pain fibers are stimulated

86
Q

Law of Dubois Reymond

A

the current must be sufficient intensity to cause depolarization; the rate of rise must be rapid enough to precent accommodation; the duration of the current must be long enough in one direction that the nerve has time to depolarize; sufficient time must be allowed to allow for repolarization

87
Q

prevention of accomidation

A 
amplitude-intensity
phase duration/phase pulse
frequency
ramp
burst
88
Q

Estim Goals/Uses in AT

A

muscle contraction, pain control, and edema reduction

89
Q

Contraindications

A 
cardiac dysfunction
pacemakes
pregnancy
cancerous lesins
infected tissue
exposed metal implants
unstable fractures
90
Q

Precautions

A

menstruation (may increase hemorrhage), nerve sensitivity (carotid sinue, esophagus, larynx/pharynx, eyes, upper thorax, temporal region), communication impairments, severe obesity, electronic monitoring equipment (EKG, EEG)

Therapeutic Modalities (6 decks)

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