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Pharmacology > Pain and Inflammation > Flashcards

Pain and Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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2
Q

What are the ways of classifying pain?

A 
Region of the body involved
System with the dysfunction
Duration and pattern of occurence
Intensity and time since onset
Etiology
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3
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A

Nociceptive pain

Pathological Pain

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4
Q

What is Nociceptive Pain?

A

It can be acute or chronic,

due to inflammation

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5
Q

What is Pathological Pain?

A

It is usually chronic

Can be due to damage of nervous tissues or Abnormal Function of systems

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6
Q

What are examples of neuropathic pain?

A

Neuralgia, Phantom Pain, Diabetic Neuropathy

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7
Q

What are examples of abnormal function pain?

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Tension Headache

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8
Q

What does the pain cause?

A 
Delay Healing
Decreased appetite
Increased stress
Disrupts sleep
Causes anxiety and depression
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9
Q

In diseases with chronic pain such as cancer, trigeminal neuralgia, post herpetic neuralgia, chronic inflammation, What drugs are usually given?

A

NSAIDS, Opioids

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10
Q

What are given to patients with psychogenic pain?

A

Anti-depressants

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11
Q

What are given for Severe Pain such as Post operative pain?

A

NSAIDS, Opioids

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12
Q

What are some chemical mediators of inflammation?

A 
Histamine
Bradikinin and Hydroxyptamine
Prostaglandins/ Prostanoids
Leukotrienes
TNF alpha, IL-1
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13
Q

What are the mediator macrophages in Acute inflammation?

A

Mast Cell products (histamine)
Bradykinin
Lysosomal Components
Complement Lipid Mediators

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14
Q

What are teh mediator macrophages in Chronic Inflammation?

A 
T-Lymphocytes and products
Cytokines
Growth Factor's Proteases and ROS
Complement
Lipid Mediators
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15
Q

What is the main mediator of Acute inflammation?

A

Prostaglandin

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16
Q

What is the main mediator of Chronic Inflammation?

A

T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines

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17
Q

What are the pre-inflammatory Amine mediators?

A

Histamine, Bradykinin

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18
Q

What are the Anti-inflammatory Amine mediators?

A

Adrenaline, Noradrenaline

19
Q

What are the Pre-inflammatory Lipid Mediators?

A

PGE2, PGI2, LTB4, LTC4

20
Q

What are the Anti-inflammatory Lipid Mediators?

A

PGI2, PGA2, Lipoxins

21
Q

What are the Compliment Pre-inflammatory mediators?

A

C3a, C5a

22
Q

What are the Compliment Anti-inflammatory mediators?

A

Clq Receptor

23
Q

What are the Pre-Inflammatory Cyclic Nucleosides?

A

cGMP

24
Q

What are the Anti-Inflammatory Cyclic Nucleosides?

A

cAMP

25
Q

What are the Pre-Inflammatory Adhesion Molecules?

A

E-Selectin, P-Selectin, ICAM1, VCAM1

26
Q

What are the Anti-Inflammatory Adhesion Molecules?

A

a2b2 Integrin, TSP Receptor, PS receptor

27
Q

What are Pre-inflammatory Cytokines?

A

TNF, IL-1B, IL-5

28
Q

What are Anti-inflammatory Cytokines?

A

TGF-B1, IL-10

29
Q

What are Pre-inflammatory Chemokines?

A

IL-8, GRO/KC, MIP1a (CCL3), MCP1 (CCL2)

30
Q

What are Anti-inflammatory chemokines?

A

NONE

31
Q

What are Pre-inflammatory Steroid Hormones?

A

NONE

32
Q

What are Anti-Inflammatory Steroid Hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids

33
Q

What is the action of COX?

A

it acts on the Arachidonic Pathway to produce Prostaglandins

34
Q

In normal condition, what are the dominant prostaglandins that are produced for protective purposes?

A

Prostacyclins such as PGI2, PGE2, Thromboxane

35
Q

In Inflammatory condition, what metabolites are formed in prostaglandin synthesis?

A

There is exaggeration of PGE2 and prostacyclins

36
Q

What is the function of PGD2?

A

Vasodilation

37
Q

What is the function of PGE2, EP1?

A

Bronchoconstriction

GIT smooth muscle contraction

38
Q

What is the function of PGE2, EP2?

A

Bronchodilation
GIT smooth muscle relaxation
Vasodilation
Pain

39
Q

What is the function of PGE2, EP3?

A 
Decreased Gastric Acid Secretion
Increased Gastric Mucus Secretion
GIT Smooth Muscle Contraction
Uterine Contraction
Lipolysis Inhibition
Increase Autonomic neurotransmitters, pyresis
40
Q

What is the function of PGF2A?

A

Uterine Contraction, Bronchoconstriction, Decreased IOP

41
Q

What is the function of PGI2/ Prostacyclin?

A 
Vasodilation
Inhibits Platelet Aggregation
Bronchodilation
Salt Excretion
Renal Blood Flow
42
Q

What is the function of TXA2?

A

Vasoconstriction
Stimulates platelet aggregation
Bronchoconstriction
Decrease Renal Blood Flow and Salt Excretion

43
Q

What are the general functions of Prostaglandins?

A

Constriction and dilation in vascular smooth muscle cells
Stimulates and inhibits Platelet aggregation
Acts on Parietal Cells in the stomach to inhibit acid secretion
Acts on mesangial cells in the glomerulus to increase GFR
Induces Labor
Decreases Intraocular Pressure
Regulates Hormones
Controls Cell Growth
Regulates Inflammation
Sensitizes Spinal Neurons to Pain
Regulates Calcium Movement
Acts on thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus to produce fever

44
Q

What are the Medical Managements for Inflammation?

A

NSAIDs, Corticosteroids, Herbal

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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