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Pharmacology > Intro, Nature, Sources of drugs and Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Intro, Nature, Sources of drugs and Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sources of drugs?

A

Biological, Synthetic, Herbs

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2
Q

What are the sources of biological drugs?

A

plants, animals and humans

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3
Q

What is the definition of a synthetic drug?

A

chemical synthesis from other molecules and manipulating properties by adding certain functional chemical groups

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4
Q

What are Herbs?

A

It is where molecule is not identified but the human benefit is hypothesized by folkoric use

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5
Q

What are the 5 FDA registered herbal medicines?

A

Lagundi, Sambong, Akapulko, Tsaang Gubat, Yerba Buena

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6
Q

What is Lagundi used for?

A

anti-histaminic

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7
Q

What is sambong used for?

A

Urinary tract pain and burning, diuretic,

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8
Q

What is Akapulko used for?

A

Treats from infection of fungi, lice, scabies

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9
Q

What is Tsaang gubat used for?

A

acute diarrhea, biliary colic and gastric/intestinal colic from acute gastroenteritis

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10
Q

What is Yerba buena used for?

A

Symptomatic relief of mild to moderate pain 2ndary to circumcision, episiotomy, skin biopsy and dental extractions

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11
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

It is a pharmacologically inactive substance, that is the modified form of a pharmacologically active drug to which it is converted in the body

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12
Q

Prodrug of Ampicillin

A

Bacampicillin/ Pivampicillin

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13
Q

Active form of Alpha-Methyldopa

A

Alpha-methylnorepinephrine

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14
Q

Active form of Enalapril

A

Enalaprilat

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15
Q

Active form of Levodopa

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

Active form of Prednisone

A

Prednisolone

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17
Q

Active form of Mercaptopurine

A

Methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide

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18
Q

What is Bioavailability?

A

percentage of an active drug in a drug product that enters the systemic circulation at a certain rate

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19
Q

What is Bioequivalence?

A

Relative bioavailability,
and also a meadure of whether the bioavailability of a certain drug product is closely similar to the bioavailability of the indicator drug

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20
Q

On which subject is the Phase I testing performed?

A

Healthy volunteer humans

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21
Q

What does the Phase I determine?

A

May determine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drug

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22
Q

On which subject is the Phase II testing performed?

A

Patients that have the disease being targeted between 50-500

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Phase II testing?

A

Confirms efficacy and to determine adverse effects, compliance and drug interactions

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24
Q

On which subject is the Phase IV testing performed?

A

To all patients. It is available in the market.

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25
Q

How is drug efficacy demonstrated?

A

It is demonstrated through the drugs performance and completion of human trials done according to the “gold standard”

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26
Q

How do you determine the quality of the drug?

A
  1. Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice
  2. Bioavailability comparable with Innovator Drug
  3. Bioequivalent
    Source of the Active ingredient pure and standardized
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27
Q

What is Absolute Bioavailability?

A

Oral BA of the drug vs IV route. Bc IV= 100% absorption

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28
Q

What is Relative Bioavailability?

A

Comparing BA of 2 or more drug products with same active pharmaceutical ingredients of two or more pharmaceutical equivalents or generic alternatives

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29
Q

What is Bioequivalence Testing?

A

A measure of the quality of a drug product by using:

  1. 24 normal subjects
  2. High Tech instruments
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30
Q

What are the factors that affect Bioavailability?

A
  1. Nature of Excipients

2. Patient’s health and disease status

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31
Q

What is the lower limit molecular weight of drugs for?

A

For specificity of action

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32
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

A substance or product used to modify or explore physiological or pathological state for the well being of the recipient

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33
Q

What are Alkaloids?

A

Basic organic substances containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen; occurs in almost all parts of plants but are most often found in seeds, roots and leaves

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34
Q

What are the sources of drugs?

A

Plant Source
Animal Source
Microbes
Human Source

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35
Q

What are the Plant sources of drugs?

A

Alkaloids, Glycosides, Oils, Gum, Resin, Tannins

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36
Q

Atropine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid, anti-muscarinic

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37
Q

Vinblastine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

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38
Q

Vincristine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid, anti-cancer

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39
Q

Quinine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid, anti-malarial

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40
Q

Quinidine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

41
Q

Reserpine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

42
Q

Scopolamine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

43
Q

Cocaine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

44
Q

Ephedrine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

45
Q

Caffeine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

46
Q

Colchicine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid, anti-gout

47
Q

Morphine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid, Opioid analgesic

48
Q

Theophylline is what type of drug?

A

Anti-asthmatic, Alkaloid

49
Q

Theobromine is what type of drug?

A

Alkaloid

50
Q

What are glycosides?

A

Ether-like combination of sugar with some other organic substances

51
Q

Digoxin is what type of drug?

A

Glycoside, inotropic agent

52
Q

Digitoxin is what type of drug?

A

Glycoside

53
Q

Coumarin is what type of drug?

A

Anti-coagulant, glycoside

54
Q

Salicin is what type of drug?

A

Anti-inflammatory, glycoside

55
Q

Hesperidin is what type of drug?

A

Glycoside

56
Q

Rutin is what type of drug?

A

Glycoside

57
Q

Quercetin is what type of drug?

A

Glycoside

58
Q

What are volatile oils?

A

They evaporate readily without leaving a stain

59
Q

Peppermint is what type of drug?

A

Anti-septic, Volatile oil

60
Q

Spearmint is what type of drug?

A

Volatile oil

61
Q

What are fixed oils?

A

greasy substance that leaves a stain

62
Q

What are the types of fixed oils?

A

Castor, Olive, Eucalyptus, coconut, nut oil

63
Q

What is a gum?

A

Secretory products from plants, CHO that absorbs H2O forming thick mucilaginous colloid solutions

64
Q

What is the use of a gum?

A

It is used as external agent

65
Q

What are the examples of a gum?

A

Gum acacia, Emulsifying agents

66
Q

What are resins?

A

Used as external agent

67
Q

Benzoin is what type of drug?

A

Resin

68
Q

Astringents are what type of drug?

A

Taninns

69
Q

Eserine / Physostigmine is indicated for..?

A

Glaucoma

70
Q

What is the use of Protamine sulfate?

A

Antidote for Heparin

71
Q

Where does Protamine Sulfate come from?

A

Sperm of fish

72
Q

Where does Heparin come from?

A

Intestine of pigs

73
Q

What are the advantages of synthetic drugs?

A
  1. Better quality control
  2. Process is easy and cheap
  3. More ptent and safer alternatives
  4. Large scale production
74
Q

What are the examples of Synthetic Drugs?

A

Co-trimoxazole, Diphenoxylate, Meperidine, Ofloxacin

75
Q

What are Semi-synthetic drugs?

A

A natural chemical compound modified in lab

76
Q

What are the examples of Semi-synthetic drugs?

A

Morphine, Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Salicin

77
Q

What are the things to consider when manufacturing a drug for commercial use?

A
  1. Stable
  2. Shelf life
  3. Pharmacokinetic factors
  4. Patient Factors (e.g. dosage forms)
78
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacodynamics?

A

Mechanism of drug action and relationshiop between concentration and effect

79
Q

What are Fillers?

A

They add volume and no reaction with pharmacologic ingredient

80
Q

What are binders?

A

They keep ingredients “binded” in a tablet

81
Q

What are Lubricants?

A

Prevents ingredients from clumping together and sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine

82
Q

What are the roles of a lubricant?

A

True Lubricant Role
Anti-adherent Role
Glident role

83
Q

What are Sorbents?

A

Used for tablet or capsule moisture-proofing

84
Q

What are Erythromycins

A

It offers an alternative to patients allergic to Beta-Lactams

85
Q

What is the adverse reaction of Erythromycin

A

Gastrointestinal adverse reactions

86
Q

What type of antibiotic is Erythromycin?

A

A Macrolide antibiotic

87
Q

What is Azithromycin?

A

A semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin which has enhanced acid stability and improved distribution properties

88
Q

What are Tannins?

A

Found Widely distributed in plants. Treats burns, diarrhea and hemorrhoids

89
Q

Solid vs. Liquid. Which is more accurate in dose?

A

Solid

90
Q

What Route is easiest to administer?

A

Oral

91
Q

What are the requirements of administration of Solid drugs?

A
  1. Should not have dysphagia
  2. Old enough to swallow
  3. Conscious
  4. No GI abn
  5. Drug can be absorbed in GIT
92
Q

Powdered Drugs vs. Granule Drugs

A

Powdered drugs - pure active ingredients, Granule Drugs - with coatings applied to protect from stomach acid

93
Q

What are the effects of Lozenges?

A

Local effect (e.g. anesthesia in the throat)

94
Q

What are the different types of tablets?

A
  1. Uncoated
  2. Multilayered
  3. Scored
  4. Coated
  5. Sustained Release
95
Q

When a capsule is taken only once a day, it is most likely to contain___

A

Granules

96
Q

Hard shell vs. Soft shell Capsules contents

A

Hard Shell - Solids

Soft Shell - Liquids

97
Q

What is a plaster?

A

Solid adhesive preparation applied to the skin to protect, soothe or lessen pain

98
Q

How are Vaginal Suppositories administered in patients with fungal infection?

A

Use an applicator

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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