Intro, Nature, Sources of drugs and Dosage Forms Flashcards
What are the three sources of drugs?
Biological, Synthetic, Herbs
What are the sources of biological drugs?
plants, animals and humans
What is the definition of a synthetic drug?
chemical synthesis from other molecules and manipulating properties by adding certain functional chemical groups
What are Herbs?
It is where molecule is not identified but the human benefit is hypothesized by folkoric use
What are the 5 FDA registered herbal medicines?
Lagundi, Sambong, Akapulko, Tsaang Gubat, Yerba Buena
What is Lagundi used for?
anti-histaminic
What is sambong used for?
Urinary tract pain and burning, diuretic,
What is Akapulko used for?
Treats from infection of fungi, lice, scabies
What is Tsaang gubat used for?
acute diarrhea, biliary colic and gastric/intestinal colic from acute gastroenteritis
What is Yerba buena used for?
Symptomatic relief of mild to moderate pain 2ndary to circumcision, episiotomy, skin biopsy and dental extractions
What is a prodrug?
It is a pharmacologically inactive substance, that is the modified form of a pharmacologically active drug to which it is converted in the body
Prodrug of Ampicillin
Bacampicillin/ Pivampicillin
Active form of Alpha-Methyldopa
Alpha-methylnorepinephrine
Active form of Enalapril
Enalaprilat
Active form of Levodopa
Dopamine
Active form of Prednisone
Prednisolone
Active form of Mercaptopurine
Methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide
What is Bioavailability?
percentage of an active drug in a drug product that enters the systemic circulation at a certain rate
What is Bioequivalence?
Relative bioavailability,
and also a meadure of whether the bioavailability of a certain drug product is closely similar to the bioavailability of the indicator drug
On which subject is the Phase I testing performed?
Healthy volunteer humans
What does the Phase I determine?
May determine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drug
On which subject is the Phase II testing performed?
Patients that have the disease being targeted between 50-500
What is the purpose of Phase II testing?
Confirms efficacy and to determine adverse effects, compliance and drug interactions
On which subject is the Phase IV testing performed?
To all patients. It is available in the market.
How is drug efficacy demonstrated?
It is demonstrated through the drugs performance and completion of human trials done according to the “gold standard”
How do you determine the quality of the drug?
- Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice
- Bioavailability comparable with Innovator Drug
- Bioequivalent
Source of the Active ingredient pure and standardized
What is Absolute Bioavailability?
Oral BA of the drug vs IV route. Bc IV= 100% absorption
What is Relative Bioavailability?
Comparing BA of 2 or more drug products with same active pharmaceutical ingredients of two or more pharmaceutical equivalents or generic alternatives
What is Bioequivalence Testing?
A measure of the quality of a drug product by using:
- 24 normal subjects
- High Tech instruments
What are the factors that affect Bioavailability?
- Nature of Excipients
2. Patient’s health and disease status
What is the lower limit molecular weight of drugs for?
For specificity of action
What is the definition of a drug?
A substance or product used to modify or explore physiological or pathological state for the well being of the recipient
What are Alkaloids?
Basic organic substances containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen; occurs in almost all parts of plants but are most often found in seeds, roots and leaves
What are the sources of drugs?
Plant Source
Animal Source
Microbes
Human Source
What are the Plant sources of drugs?
Alkaloids, Glycosides, Oils, Gum, Resin, Tannins
Atropine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-muscarinic
Vinblastine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Vincristine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-cancer
Quinine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-malarial
Quinidine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Reserpine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Scopolamine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Cocaine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Ephedrine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Caffeine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
Colchicine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-gout
Morphine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, Opioid analgesic
Theophylline is what type of drug?
Anti-asthmatic, Alkaloid
Theobromine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
What are glycosides?
Ether-like combination of sugar with some other organic substances
Digoxin is what type of drug?
Glycoside, inotropic agent
Digitoxin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
Coumarin is what type of drug?
Anti-coagulant, glycoside
Salicin is what type of drug?
Anti-inflammatory, glycoside
Hesperidin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
Rutin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
Quercetin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
What are volatile oils?
They evaporate readily without leaving a stain
Peppermint is what type of drug?
Anti-septic, Volatile oil
Spearmint is what type of drug?
Volatile oil
What are fixed oils?
greasy substance that leaves a stain
What are the types of fixed oils?
Castor, Olive, Eucalyptus, coconut, nut oil
What is a gum?
Secretory products from plants, CHO that absorbs H2O forming thick mucilaginous colloid solutions
What is the use of a gum?
It is used as external agent
What are the examples of a gum?
Gum acacia, Emulsifying agents
What are resins?
Used as external agent
Benzoin is what type of drug?
Resin
Astringents are what type of drug?
Taninns
Eserine / Physostigmine is indicated for..?
Glaucoma
What is the use of Protamine sulfate?
Antidote for Heparin
Where does Protamine Sulfate come from?
Sperm of fish
Where does Heparin come from?
Intestine of pigs
What are the advantages of synthetic drugs?
- Better quality control
- Process is easy and cheap
- More ptent and safer alternatives
- Large scale production
What are the examples of Synthetic Drugs?
Co-trimoxazole, Diphenoxylate, Meperidine, Ofloxacin
What are Semi-synthetic drugs?
A natural chemical compound modified in lab
What are the examples of Semi-synthetic drugs?
Morphine, Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Salicin
What are the things to consider when manufacturing a drug for commercial use?
- Stable
- Shelf life
- Pharmacokinetic factors
- Patient Factors (e.g. dosage forms)
What is the definition of Pharmacodynamics?
Mechanism of drug action and relationshiop between concentration and effect
What are Fillers?
They add volume and no reaction with pharmacologic ingredient
What are binders?
They keep ingredients “binded” in a tablet
What are Lubricants?
Prevents ingredients from clumping together and sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine
What are the roles of a lubricant?
True Lubricant Role
Anti-adherent Role
Glident role
What are Sorbents?
Used for tablet or capsule moisture-proofing
What are Erythromycins
It offers an alternative to patients allergic to Beta-Lactams
What is the adverse reaction of Erythromycin
Gastrointestinal adverse reactions
What type of antibiotic is Erythromycin?
A Macrolide antibiotic
What is Azithromycin?
A semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin which has enhanced acid stability and improved distribution properties
What are Tannins?
Found Widely distributed in plants. Treats burns, diarrhea and hemorrhoids
Solid vs. Liquid. Which is more accurate in dose?
Solid
What Route is easiest to administer?
Oral
What are the requirements of administration of Solid drugs?
- Should not have dysphagia
- Old enough to swallow
- Conscious
- No GI abn
- Drug can be absorbed in GIT
Powdered Drugs vs. Granule Drugs
Powdered drugs - pure active ingredients, Granule Drugs - with coatings applied to protect from stomach acid
What are the effects of Lozenges?
Local effect (e.g. anesthesia in the throat)
What are the different types of tablets?
- Uncoated
- Multilayered
- Scored
- Coated
- Sustained Release
When a capsule is taken only once a day, it is most likely to contain___
Granules
Hard shell vs. Soft shell Capsules contents
Hard Shell - Solids
Soft Shell - Liquids
What is a plaster?
Solid adhesive preparation applied to the skin to protect, soothe or lessen pain
How are Vaginal Suppositories administered in patients with fungal infection?
Use an applicator