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Pharmacology > Intro, Nature, Sources of drugs and Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Intro, Nature, Sources of drugs and Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sources of drugs?

A

Biological, Synthetic, Herbs

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2
Q

What are the sources of biological drugs?

A

plants, animals and humans

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3
Q

What is the definition of a synthetic drug?

A

chemical synthesis from other molecules and manipulating properties by adding certain functional chemical groups

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4
Q

What are Herbs?

A

It is where molecule is not identified but the human benefit is hypothesized by folkoric use

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5
Q

What are the 5 FDA registered herbal medicines?

A

Lagundi, Sambong, Akapulko, Tsaang Gubat, Yerba Buena

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6
Q

What is Lagundi used for?

A

anti-histaminic

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7
Q

What is sambong used for?

A

Urinary tract pain and burning, diuretic,

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8
Q

What is Akapulko used for?

A

Treats from infection of fungi, lice, scabies

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9
Q

What is Tsaang gubat used for?

A

acute diarrhea, biliary colic and gastric/intestinal colic from acute gastroenteritis

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10
Q

What is Yerba buena used for?

A

Symptomatic relief of mild to moderate pain 2ndary to circumcision, episiotomy, skin biopsy and dental extractions

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11
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

It is a pharmacologically inactive substance, that is the modified form of a pharmacologically active drug to which it is converted in the body

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12
Q

Prodrug of Ampicillin

A

Bacampicillin/ Pivampicillin

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13
Q

Active form of Alpha-Methyldopa

A

Alpha-methylnorepinephrine

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14
Q

Active form of Enalapril

A

Enalaprilat

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15
Q

Active form of Levodopa

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

Active form of Prednisone

A

Prednisolone

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17
Q

Active form of Mercaptopurine

A

Methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide

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18
Q

What is Bioavailability?

A

percentage of an active drug in a drug product that enters the systemic circulation at a certain rate

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19
Q

What is Bioequivalence?

A

Relative bioavailability,
and also a meadure of whether the bioavailability of a certain drug product is closely similar to the bioavailability of the indicator drug

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20
Q

On which subject is the Phase I testing performed?

A

Healthy volunteer humans

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21
Q

What does the Phase I determine?

A

May determine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drug

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22
Q

On which subject is the Phase II testing performed?

A

Patients that have the disease being targeted between 50-500

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Phase II testing?

A

Confirms efficacy and to determine adverse effects, compliance and drug interactions

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24
Q

On which subject is the Phase IV testing performed?

A

To all patients. It is available in the market.

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25
How is drug efficacy demonstrated?
It is demonstrated through the drugs performance and completion of human trials done according to the "gold standard"
26
How do you determine the quality of the drug?
1. Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice 2. Bioavailability comparable with Innovator Drug 3. Bioequivalent Source of the Active ingredient pure and standardized
27
What is Absolute Bioavailability?
Oral BA of the drug vs IV route. Bc IV= 100% absorption
28
What is Relative Bioavailability?
Comparing BA of 2 or more drug products with same active pharmaceutical ingredients of two or more pharmaceutical equivalents or generic alternatives
29
What is Bioequivalence Testing?
A measure of the quality of a drug product by using: 1. 24 normal subjects 2. High Tech instruments
30
What are the factors that affect Bioavailability?
1. Nature of Excipients | 2. Patient's health and disease status
31
What is the lower limit molecular weight of drugs for?
For specificity of action
32
What is the definition of a drug?
A substance or product used to modify or explore physiological or pathological state for the well being of the recipient
33
What are Alkaloids?
Basic organic substances containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen; occurs in almost all parts of plants but are most often found in seeds, roots and leaves
34
What are the sources of drugs?
Plant Source Animal Source Microbes Human Source
35
What are the Plant sources of drugs?
Alkaloids, Glycosides, Oils, Gum, Resin, Tannins
36
Atropine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-muscarinic
37
Vinblastine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
38
Vincristine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-cancer
39
Quinine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-malarial
40
Quinidine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
41
Reserpine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
42
Scopolamine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
43
Cocaine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
44
Ephedrine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
45
Caffeine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
46
Colchicine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, anti-gout
47
Morphine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid, Opioid analgesic
48
Theophylline is what type of drug?
Anti-asthmatic, Alkaloid
49
Theobromine is what type of drug?
Alkaloid
50
What are glycosides?
Ether-like combination of sugar with some other organic substances
51
Digoxin is what type of drug?
Glycoside, inotropic agent
52
Digitoxin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
53
Coumarin is what type of drug?
Anti-coagulant, glycoside
54
Salicin is what type of drug?
Anti-inflammatory, glycoside
55
Hesperidin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
56
Rutin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
57
Quercetin is what type of drug?
Glycoside
58
What are volatile oils?
They evaporate readily without leaving a stain
59
Peppermint is what type of drug?
Anti-septic, Volatile oil
60
Spearmint is what type of drug?
Volatile oil
61
What are fixed oils?
greasy substance that leaves a stain
62
What are the types of fixed oils?
Castor, Olive, Eucalyptus, coconut, nut oil
63
What is a gum?
Secretory products from plants, CHO that absorbs H2O forming thick mucilaginous colloid solutions
64
What is the use of a gum?
It is used as external agent
65
What are the examples of a gum?
Gum acacia, Emulsifying agents
66
What are resins?
Used as external agent
67
Benzoin is what type of drug?
Resin
68
Astringents are what type of drug?
Taninns
69
Eserine / Physostigmine is indicated for..?
Glaucoma
70
What is the use of Protamine sulfate?
Antidote for Heparin
71
Where does Protamine Sulfate come from?
Sperm of fish
72
Where does Heparin come from?
Intestine of pigs
73
What are the advantages of synthetic drugs?
1. Better quality control 2. Process is easy and cheap 3. More ptent and safer alternatives 4. Large scale production
74
What are the examples of Synthetic Drugs?
Co-trimoxazole, Diphenoxylate, Meperidine, Ofloxacin
75
What are Semi-synthetic drugs?
A natural chemical compound modified in lab
76
What are the examples of Semi-synthetic drugs?
Morphine, Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Salicin
77
What are the things to consider when manufacturing a drug for commercial use?
1. Stable 2. Shelf life 3. Pharmacokinetic factors 4. Patient Factors (e.g. dosage forms)
78
What is the definition of Pharmacodynamics?
Mechanism of drug action and relationshiop between concentration and effect
79
What are Fillers?
They add volume and no reaction with pharmacologic ingredient
80
What are binders?
They keep ingredients "binded" in a tablet
81
What are Lubricants?
Prevents ingredients from clumping together and sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine
82
What are the roles of a lubricant?
True Lubricant Role Anti-adherent Role Glident role
83
What are Sorbents?
Used for tablet or capsule moisture-proofing
84
What are Erythromycins
It offers an alternative to patients allergic to Beta-Lactams
85
What is the adverse reaction of Erythromycin
Gastrointestinal adverse reactions
86
What type of antibiotic is Erythromycin?
A Macrolide antibiotic
87
What is Azithromycin?
A semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin which has enhanced acid stability and improved distribution properties
88
What are Tannins?
Found Widely distributed in plants. Treats burns, diarrhea and hemorrhoids
89
Solid vs. Liquid. Which is more accurate in dose?
Solid
90
What Route is easiest to administer?
Oral
91
What are the requirements of administration of Solid drugs?
1. Should not have dysphagia 2. Old enough to swallow 3. Conscious 4. No GI abn 5. Drug can be absorbed in GIT
92
Powdered Drugs vs. Granule Drugs
Powdered drugs - pure active ingredients, Granule Drugs - with coatings applied to protect from stomach acid
93
What are the effects of Lozenges?
Local effect (e.g. anesthesia in the throat)
94
What are the different types of tablets?
1. Uncoated 2. Multilayered 3. Scored 4. Coated 5. Sustained Release
95
When a capsule is taken only once a day, it is most likely to contain___
Granules
96
Hard shell vs. Soft shell Capsules contents
Hard Shell - Solids | Soft Shell - Liquids
97
What is a plaster?
Solid adhesive preparation applied to the skin to protect, soothe or lessen pain
98
How are Vaginal Suppositories administered in patients with fungal infection?
Use an applicator

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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