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Biochem Exam 5 > Pain Analgesia Anesthesia > Flashcards

Pain Analgesia Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

A

Pain

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2
Q

any ____ of moderate or higher intensity is accompanied by anxiety and the urge to escape or terminate the feeling

A

pain

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3
Q

the unconscious activity induced by a harmful stimulus applied to sense receptors

A

Nociception

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4
Q

harmful, poisonous or very unpleasant stimuli

A

Noxious Stimuli

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5
Q

an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus

A

Hyperalgesia

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6
Q

an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus

A

Hyperalgesia

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7
Q

a sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous stimulus•e.g. the painful sensation from a warm shower when the skin is damaged by burns including sunburn

A

Allodynia

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8
Q

when intense, repeated, or prolonged stimuli are applied to damaged or inflamed tissues, the threshold for activating primary afferent nociceptors is lowered, and the frequency of firing is higher for all stimulus intensities

A

Sensitization

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9
Q

inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin (BK), nerve-growth factor (NGF), some prostaglandins (PGs), and leukotrienes (LTs) contribute to _____

A

Sensitization

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10
Q

_____ and _____ signify increased sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers and hence nociception

A

hyperalgesia and allodynia

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11
Q

the inability or reduced ability to feel pain without loss of consciousness or other sensations

A

Analgesia

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12
Q

substances that reduce the ability to feel pain

A

Analgesics

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13
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, aspirin, opioids are _____

A

Analgesics

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14
Q

insensitivity to pain

A

Anesthesia

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15
Q

substances that produce a general insensitivity to pain

A

Anesthetics

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16
Q

depress the CNS to a sufficient degree to permit the performance of surgery and unpleasant procedures

A

General Anesthetics

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17
Q

isoflurane, halothane, nitrous oxide, propofol are ______

A

General Anesthetics

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18
Q

substance that when in contact with a nerve trunk can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the area innervated

A

Local Anesthetics

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19
Q

cocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine are ____

A

Local Anesthetics

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20
Q

mediate responses to touch and pressure

A

Mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

______ nociceptors respond to strong pressure

A

mechanical nociceptors

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22
Q

detect the sensations of warmth and cold

A

Thermoreceptors

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23
Q

_______ nociceptors are activated by skin temperatures above 45°C or by severe cold (<20°C)

A

thermal nociceptors

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24
Q

stimulated by a change in the chemical composition of the local environment

A

Chemoreceptors

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25
these include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O2, pH, and osmolality
Chemoreceptors
26
_____ nociceptors respond to chemicals such as bradykinin, histamine, acidity, and environmental and chemical irritants, etc
chemically sensitive nociceptors
27
T/F: variety of receptors on the endings of nociceptive sensory nerves respond to noxious thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli
True
28
_____ receptors activated by intense heat, acids, and chemicals such as capsaicin (the active ingredient in hot peppers and an example of a vanilloid)
TRPV1 receptors
29
____ receptors activated by noxious mechanical, cold, and chemical stimuli
TRPA1 receptor
30
_____ receptors activated by pH changes within a physiologic range and may be the dominant receptors mediating acid-induced pain
Acid-Sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) receptors
31
n addition to direct activation of receptors on nerve endings, some nociceptive stimuli release ______ that then activate receptors on the nerve ending
intermediate molecules
32
_____ acts on purinergic receptors
ATP
33
bradykinin•histamine•prostaglandins•serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT)•substance P•Calcitonin Gene-Related Protein (CGRP) are Intermediate signaling molecules acting on _____ receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors
34
______ acts on tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptors
Nerve Growth Factor
35
ATP signaling mechanism on ______ receptors is very similar to acetylcholine (ACh)
ionotropic
36
bradykinin histamine prostaglandins serotonin (5-HT) substance P, and CGRP are agonists of _____
G-protein coupled receptors
37
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT), substance P, calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), nerve growth factor are all _____ molecules
intermediate signaling molecules
38
The intermediate signaling molecules all can produce ______ of nociceptive neurons
sensitization
39
The ______ molecules can produce immediate changes in neuronal responsiveness and prolonged changes in neuronal responsiveness
intermediate signaling molecules
40
The _______ and _______ axons both small diameter•respond maximally only to intense (painful) stimuli•produce the subjective experience of pain when they are electrically stimulated
A delta (myelinated) and C axons (unmyelinated)
41
T/F: Fibers from nociceptors and thermoreceptors synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the trigeminal ganglion if coming from the head
True
42
Pain Transmission Pathway
Nociceptors=> Dorsal horn => Axons cross midline and ascend in ventrolateral quadrant of spinal cord => synapse in ventral posterior lateral nucleus =>thalamus => cerebral cortex
43
_____ activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and the cingulate gyrus on the side opposite the stimulus
pain
44
pain activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and the cingulate gyrus on the side ______ the stimulus
opposite
45
Which pain transmission nociceptor is unmyelinated?
C fibers
46
Which pain transmission nociceptor is myelinated?
A Delta fibers
47
_____ neurons are located in peripheral ganglia (trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia) located alongside the spinal column and medulla
Somatosensory
48
_____ neurons project centrally to the brainstem (Vc) and dorsal horn of the spinal cord and peripherally to the skin and other organs
Afferent
49
_____ is a constant companion of pain
fear
50
Thalamic projections go to the _______
somatosensory cortex
51
Thalamic projections going to the somatosensory cortex mediates the purely _____ aspects of pain
sensory
52
_____ neurons project to cortical regions; inked to emotional responses, subserve the affective or unpleasant emotional dimensions of pain; exerts potent control of behavior
Thalamic neurons
53
nociceptive pathways can be interrupted by actions within the ________ at the site of sensory afferent termination (rubbing or shaking an injured area decreases the pain due to the injury)
dorsal horn of the spinal cord
54
nociceptive pathways can be interrupted by actions within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord at the site of _________ (rubbing or shaking an injured area decreases the pain due to the injury)
sensory afferent termination
55
method uses electrodes to activate Aα and Aβ fibers near the injury.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief
56
relief may be due to the simultaneous activation of innocuous ________ whose afferents emit collaterals that terminate in the dorsal horn
cutaneous mechanoreceptors
57
activity of these cutaneous mechanosensitive afferents may ______ the responsiveness of dorsal horn neurons to their input from nociceptive afferent terminal
reduce
58
activity of these cutaneous mechanosensitive afferents may reduce the responsiveness of dorsal horn neurons to their input from ________
nociceptive afferent terminal
59
_____ in the superficial regions of the dorsal horn contain endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalin and dynorphin)
interneurons
60
interneurons in the superficial regions of the dorsal horn contain ________•enkephalin and dynorphin
endogenous opioid peptides
61
Opioid Analgesics are _______ receptors
G coupled protein receptors
62
morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and fentanyl are ______
opioid analgesics
63
Activation of opioid receptors in neurons ____ intracellular Ca and _____ intracellular K
decrease Ca and increase K
64
Decrease in ____ leads to reduced neurotransmitter secretion
intracellular Ca
65
increase in ______ leads to hyperpolarizes cell making it refractory to depolarization
intracellular potassium
66
What are the 2 OTC NSAIDS?
Ibuprofen and naproxen
67
aspirin and acetaminophen are _____
Non-Opioid Analgesics
68
ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac, and celecoxib are ______
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
69
Aspirin and NSAIDS work by inhibiting ____ and reduced production of _____
inhibition of cyclooxygenase and reduced production of prostaglandins
70
reduced production of _______ leads to reduced inflammatory-mediated pain signaling and reduced sensitization of nociceptors
prostaglandins
71
______ works by blocks sodium channels, reduces depolarization of neurons, and renders neuron refractory to further depolarizations Action Potential
lidocaine
72
Lidocaine is a ______
local anesthetics
73
halothane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide are ______
Inhalational Anesthetics
74
What are the 2 types of general anesthetics?
Inhalational Anesthetics and Parenteral anesthetics
75
Propofol and midazolam are _______
Parenteral anesthetics
76
most _______ anesthetics increase the sensitivity of the GABA-A receptor to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
general anesthetics
77
enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission and depressing nervous system activity is accomplished by _____
increased sensitivity of GABA-A receptor to GABA
78
______ anesthetics enhance the capacity of glycine to activate glycine receptors
inhalational anesthetics
79
_____ receptors play an important role in inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem.
glycine
80
_______ anaesthetics activate some K+ channels known
halogenated inhalational anesthetics
81
_____ channels hyperpolarize neurons making them refractory to depolarization
Potassium
82
____ and ____ anesthetics have substantial effects on synaptic transmission and much smaller effects on action potential generation or propagation
inhalational and intravenous anesthetics

Biochem Exam 5 (9 decks)

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