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Biochem Exam 5 > Pain Analgesia Anesthesia > Flashcards

Pain Analgesia Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

A

Pain

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2
Q

any ____ of moderate or higher intensity is accompanied by anxiety and the urge to escape or terminate the feeling

A

pain

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3
Q

the unconscious activity induced by a harmful stimulus applied to sense receptors

A

Nociception

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4
Q

harmful, poisonous or very unpleasant stimuli

A

Noxious Stimuli

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5
Q

an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus

A

Hyperalgesia

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6
Q

an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus

A

Hyperalgesia

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7
Q

a sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous stimulus•e.g. the painful sensation from a warm shower when the skin is damaged by burns including sunburn

A

Allodynia

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8
Q

when intense, repeated, or prolonged stimuli are applied to damaged or inflamed tissues, the threshold for activating primary afferent nociceptors is lowered, and the frequency of firing is higher for all stimulus intensities

A

Sensitization

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9
Q

inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin (BK), nerve-growth factor (NGF), some prostaglandins (PGs), and leukotrienes (LTs) contribute to _____

A

Sensitization

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10
Q

_____ and _____ signify increased sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers and hence nociception

A

hyperalgesia and allodynia

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11
Q

the inability or reduced ability to feel pain without loss of consciousness or other sensations

A

Analgesia

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12
Q

substances that reduce the ability to feel pain

A

Analgesics

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13
Q

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, aspirin, opioids are _____

A

Analgesics

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14
Q

insensitivity to pain

A

Anesthesia

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15
Q

substances that produce a general insensitivity to pain

A

Anesthetics

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16
Q

depress the CNS to a sufficient degree to permit the performance of surgery and unpleasant procedures

A

General Anesthetics

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17
Q

isoflurane, halothane, nitrous oxide, propofol are ______

A

General Anesthetics

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18
Q

substance that when in contact with a nerve trunk can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the area innervated

A

Local Anesthetics

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19
Q

cocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine are ____

A

Local Anesthetics

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20
Q

mediate responses to touch and pressure

A

Mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

______ nociceptors respond to strong pressure

A

mechanical nociceptors

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22
Q

detect the sensations of warmth and cold

A

Thermoreceptors

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23
Q

_______ nociceptors are activated by skin temperatures above 45°C or by severe cold (<20°C)

A

thermal nociceptors

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24
Q

stimulated by a change in the chemical composition of the local environment

A

Chemoreceptors

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25
Q

these include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O2, pH, and osmolality

A

Chemoreceptors

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26
Q

_____ nociceptors respond to chemicals such as bradykinin, histamine, acidity, and environmental and chemical irritants, etc

A

chemically sensitive nociceptors

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27
Q

T/F: variety of receptors on the endings of nociceptive sensory nerves respond to noxious thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli

A

True

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28
Q

_____ receptors activated by intense heat, acids, and chemicals such as capsaicin (the active ingredient in hot peppers and an example of a vanilloid)

A

TRPV1 receptors

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29
Q

____ receptors activated by noxious mechanical, cold, and chemical stimuli

A

TRPA1 receptor

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30
Q

_____ receptors activated by pH changes within a physiologic range and may be the dominant receptors mediating acid-induced pain

A

Acid-Sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) receptors

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31
Q

n addition to direct activation of receptors on nerve endings, some nociceptive stimuli release ______ that then activate receptors on the nerve ending

A

intermediate molecules

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32
Q

_____ acts on purinergic receptors

A

ATP

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33
Q

bradykinin•histamine•prostaglandins•serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT)•substance P•Calcitonin Gene-Related Protein (CGRP) are Intermediate signaling molecules acting on _____ receptors

A

G-protein-coupled receptors

34
Q

______ acts on tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptors

A

Nerve Growth Factor

35
Q

ATP signaling mechanism on ______ receptors is very similar to acetylcholine (ACh)

A

ionotropic

36
Q

bradykinin histamine prostaglandins serotonin (5-HT) substance P, and CGRP are agonists of _____

A

G-protein coupled receptors

37
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT), substance P, calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), nerve growth factor are all _____ molecules

A

intermediate signaling molecules

38
Q

The intermediate signaling molecules all can produce ______ of nociceptive neurons

A

sensitization

39
Q

The ______ molecules can produce immediate changes in neuronal responsiveness and prolonged changes in neuronal responsiveness

A

intermediate signaling molecules

40
Q

The _______ and _______ axons both small diameter•respond maximally only to intense (painful) stimuli•produce the subjective experience of pain when they are electrically stimulated

A

A delta (myelinated) and C axons (unmyelinated)

41
Q

T/F: Fibers from nociceptors and thermoreceptors synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the trigeminal ganglion if coming from the head

A

True

42
Q

Pain Transmission Pathway

A

Nociceptors=> Dorsal horn => Axons cross midline and ascend in ventrolateral quadrant of spinal cord => synapse in ventral posterior lateral nucleus =>thalamus => cerebral cortex

43
Q

_____ activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and the cingulate gyrus on the side opposite the stimulus

A

pain

44
Q

pain activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and the cingulate gyrus on the side ______ the stimulus

A

opposite

45
Q

Which pain transmission nociceptor is unmyelinated?

A

C fibers

46
Q

Which pain transmission nociceptor is myelinated?

A

A Delta fibers

47
Q

_____ neurons are located in peripheral ganglia (trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia) located alongside the spinal column and medulla

A

Somatosensory

48
Q

_____ neurons project centrally to the brainstem (Vc) and dorsal horn of the spinal cord and peripherally to the skin and other organs

A

Afferent

49
Q

_____ is a constant companion of pain

A

fear

50
Q

Thalamic projections go to the _______

A

somatosensory cortex

51
Q

Thalamic projections going to the somatosensory cortex mediates the purely _____ aspects of pain

A

sensory

52
Q

_____ neurons project to cortical regions; inked to emotional responses, subserve the affective or unpleasant emotional dimensions of pain; exerts potent control of behavior

A

Thalamic neurons

53
Q

nociceptive pathways can be interrupted by actions within the ________ at the site of sensory afferent termination (rubbing or shaking an injured area decreases the pain due to the injury)

A

dorsal horn of the spinal cord

54
Q

nociceptive pathways can be interrupted by actions within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord at the site of _________ (rubbing or shaking an injured area decreases the pain due to the injury)

A

sensory afferent termination

55
Q

method uses electrodes to activate Aα and Aβ fibers near the injury.

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief

56
Q

relief may be due to the simultaneous activation of innocuous ________ whose afferents emit collaterals that terminate in the dorsal horn

A

cutaneous mechanoreceptors

57
Q

activity of these cutaneous mechanosensitive afferents may ______ the responsiveness of dorsal horn neurons to their input from nociceptive afferent terminal

A

reduce

58
Q

activity of these cutaneous mechanosensitive afferents may reduce the responsiveness of dorsal horn neurons to their input from ________

A

nociceptive afferent terminal

59
Q

_____ in the superficial regions of the dorsal horn contain endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalin and dynorphin)

A

interneurons

60
Q

interneurons in the superficial regions of the dorsal horn contain ________•enkephalin and dynorphin

A

endogenous opioid peptides

61
Q

Opioid Analgesics are _______ receptors

A

G coupled protein receptors

62
Q

morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and fentanyl are ______

A

opioid analgesics

63
Q

Activation of opioid receptors in neurons ____ intracellular Ca and _____ intracellular K

A

decrease Ca and increase K

64
Q

Decrease in ____ leads to reduced neurotransmitter secretion

A

intracellular Ca

65
Q

increase in ______ leads to hyperpolarizes cell making it refractory to depolarization

A

intracellular potassium

66
Q

What are the 2 OTC NSAIDS?

A

Ibuprofen and naproxen

67
Q

aspirin and acetaminophen are _____

A

Non-Opioid Analgesics

68
Q

ibuprofen, naproxen, ketorolac, and celecoxib are ______

A

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

69
Q

Aspirin and NSAIDS work by inhibiting ____ and reduced production of _____

A

inhibition of cyclooxygenase and reduced production of prostaglandins

70
Q

reduced production of _______ leads to reduced inflammatory-mediated pain signaling and reduced sensitization of nociceptors

A

prostaglandins

71
Q

______ works by blocks sodium channels, reduces depolarization of neurons, and renders neuron refractory to further depolarizations Action Potential

A

lidocaine

72
Q

Lidocaine is a ______

A

local anesthetics

73
Q

halothane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide are ______

A

Inhalational Anesthetics

74
Q

What are the 2 types of general anesthetics?

A

Inhalational Anesthetics and Parenteral anesthetics

75
Q

Propofol and midazolam are _______

A

Parenteral anesthetics

76
Q

most _______ anesthetics increase the sensitivity of the GABA-A receptor to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

general anesthetics

77
Q

enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission and depressing nervous system activity is accomplished by _____

A

increased sensitivity of GABA-A receptor to GABA

78
Q

______ anesthetics enhance the capacity of glycine to activate glycine receptors

A

inhalational anesthetics

79
Q

_____ receptors play an important role in inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem.

A

glycine

80
Q

_______ anaesthetics activate some K+ channels known

A

halogenated inhalational anesthetics

81
Q

_____ channels hyperpolarize neurons making them refractory to depolarization

A

Potassium

82
Q

____ and ____ anesthetics have substantial effects on synaptic transmission and much smaller effects on action potential generation or propagation

A

inhalational and intravenous anesthetics

Biochem Exam 5 (9 decks)

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