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Biochem Exam 5 > Chondrocytes and TMJ > Flashcards

Chondrocytes and TMJ Flashcards

1
Q

the most abundant type of cartilage, which has large fibers of predominantly collagen (type II [and X in hypertrophic regions]) and evenly dispersed chondrocytes. Found in growth plate, articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage and as a supportive tissue in nose, ears, trachea, etc.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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2
Q

a type of cartilage containing a higher content of elastic fibers. Found in ear, epiglottis, eustacian tubes

A

Elastic Cartilage

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3
Q

a type of cartilage containing finer collagen fibers in layered arrays with a spongy appearance. Contains both type I and type II collagen. Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, temporomandibular joint

A

Fibrocartilage

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4
Q

a multipotent stem cell that has the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts, muscle cells, adipocytes, chondrocytes.

A

Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)

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5
Q

condensation of mesenchymal stem cells into a more dense mass of cells to initiate the formation of a bone rudiment

A

Mesenchymal Condensation

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6
Q

a process for formation of bone in which a cartilage template is made first, which is then replaced by bone.

A

Endochondral Bone Formation

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7
Q

cartilage in which the chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy. This includes swelling of the cell volume, mineralization of the surrounding matrix, expression of marker genes of hypertrophy. In the final stages, the hypertrophic chondrocytes will undergo apoptosis.

A

Hypertrophic Cartilage

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8
Q

the joint between the condyle of the mandible (jaw) and the temporal bone of the skull.

A

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

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9
Q

the major cell type in cartilage which is responsible for producing the cartilage matrix

A

Chondrocyte

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10
Q

a chondrocyte that has undergone hypertrophy (swelling in size, deposition of mineral in the surrounding matrix, expression of late chondrocyte markers). The cell will eventually undergo apoptosis.

A

Hypertrophic Chondrocyte

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11
Q

a programmed pathway for cell death

A

Apoptosis

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12
Q

the cartilage that remains between the metaphysis (neck) of the bone and the rounded ends of the bone at the ends (epiphyses). This cartilage allows the longitudinal growth of bones. It is also called the epiphyseal plate.

A

Growth Plate

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13
Q

hereditary skeletal disorders characterized by abnormal growth plate function, which leads to skeletal deformities/growth defects – often dwarfism. (note – sometimes skeletal dysplasia or osteochondrodysplasia are used somewhat interchangeably. These terms include dysplasias of cartilage and bone).

A

Chondrodysplasias

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14
Q

long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit, usually consisting of an amino sugar along with a uronic sugar

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

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15
Q

a protein that is heavily glycosylated. Usually consists of a core protein with one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sidechains attached.

A

Proteoglycan

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16
Q

specialized connective tissue that is avascular and has limited regenerative; contains gelatinous ground substance (mostly proteoglycans); collagen and elastic protein fibers are embedded in ground substance; found in locations where support flexibility, resistance to compression

A

cartilage

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17
Q

Protein fibers that are predominantly collagen (II, X).•Glossy appearance w/evenly dispersed chondrocytes•Supportive connective tissue•Most abundant type in body-

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage?

A

2 and 10

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19
Q

has type II collagen together with a lot of elastic fibers (elastin), making it more flexible

A

Elastic cartilage

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20
Q

mixture of fibrous tissue (type I collagen containing) and hyaline cartilage; Chondrocytes dispersed among fine collagen fibers in layered arrays; Spongy (good shock absorber) -•ECM of fibrocartilage contains both type I and type II collagen

A

Fibrocartilage

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21
Q

___ cartilage found in:−Pubic symphysis−Intervertebral disks−Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

______ cartilage found in pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tubes, epiglottis, and ear lobes

A

Elastic cartilage

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23
Q

____ cartilage found in Growth plate, Precursor to bone in embryonic skeleton, Joint articular surfaces (reduces friction/acts as shock absorber), Costal (rib) cartilages, and Cartilage in nose, ears, trachea, larynx, smaller respiratory tubes

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

Principle engine for longitudinal bone growth is proliferation of ______ and expansion of chondrocyte size (10-15 fold) in _____ region

A

columnar chondrocytes; hypertrophic

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25
Q

____ is the master regulator in chondrocyte differentiation

A

SOX9

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26
Q

SOX9, RUNX2, and Osterix are _____ involved in chondrocyte differentiation

A

transcription factors

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27
Q

IHH, PTHrP, FGFs and VEGF are _____ involved in chondrocyte differentiation

A

signaling molecules

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28
Q

PTC1, FGFR3, and PTH1R are _____ involved in chondrocyte differentiation

A

receptors for signaling molecules

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29
Q

COL2A1, ACAN, and COL10A1 are _____ involved in chondrocyte differentiation

A

ECM components

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30
Q

TNSALP and MMP13 are _____ involved in chondrocyte differentiation

A

enzymes/proteases

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31
Q

drives differentiation down chondrocyte pathway •Expressed in chondroprogenitors/ proliferating chondrocytes (not hypertrophic chondrocytes)

A

Master transcription factor

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32
Q

must be downregulated to allow chondrocytes to mature; ______ inhibits RUNX2)

A

SOX 9

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33
Q

Expressed in pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes•Important regulators of hypertrophy

A

RUNX2/OSX

34
Q

What do chondrocytes express when they hypertrophy?

A

type X collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and MMP13/VEGF

35
Q

____ and _____ are key regulators of chondrogenesis

A

IHH and PTHrP

36
Q

Co-ordinated actions of Ihh and PTHrP signaling through their receptors ____ and ____ regulate chondrocyte proliferation/differentiation and determine length of the proliferating columns of chondrocytes

A

PTC1 and PTH1R

37
Q

____ axis is very important in regulating bone longitudinal bone growth

A

Ihh/PTHrP

38
Q

_____ Regulatory Loop Controls Chondrocyte Differentiation Kinetics

A

Ihh/PTHrP

39
Q

critical regulator of chondrocyte proliferation/differentiation

A

FGF signaling

40
Q

_____ signaling very important additional regulatory step that limits chondrocyte proliferation that also suppresses IHH

A

FGFR3

41
Q

Type ___ collagen is the major fibrillar collagen in cartilage

A

Type 2 collagen

42
Q

___ is a Homotrimer of α1(II) chains (encoded by COL2A1gene)

A

Type 2 collagen

43
Q

Major collagen expressed in hypertrophic cartilage

A

Type 10 collagen

44
Q

Homotrimer of α1(X) chains (encoded by COL10A1gene)

A

Type 10 collagen

45
Q

unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units; usually highly sulfated making it negatively charged

A

GAGs

46
Q

1st sugar residue in a GAG is an ____ sugar

A

amino sugar

47
Q

2nd sugar residue in a GAG is ____

A

uronic acid

48
Q

hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin, and keratan sulfate are the main groups of ____

A

GAGs

49
Q

Most GAGs are found covalently attached to a protein core in the form of _____

A

proteoglycans

50
Q

What are the 2 major proteoglycans of skeletal tissues?

A

Aggrecan and versican

51
Q

Major proteoglycan in cartilage that is produced in large amounts by proliferating and prehypertrophic chondrocytes; core has keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate GAG chains

A

aggrecan

52
Q

Assembles with hyaluronan to form huge aggregates; binds high amounts of water due to negative charge; may regulate calcification

A

aggrecan

53
Q

hereditary skeletal disorders characterized by abnormal growth plate function leading to skeletal deformities/growth defects

A

chondrodysplasias

54
Q

Rare human syndrome caused by heterozygous loss of function in SOX9 that is autosomal dominant that affects development of skeleton/reproductive system

A

Camplomelic dysplasia

55
Q

____ leads to late proliferating/prehypertrophic chondrocytes will enter into hypertrophy too soon leading to growth retardation

A

impaired PTHrP signaling

56
Q

___ leads to no replacement of proliferating cell once they have gone into hypertrophy leading to growth retardation

A

impaired IHH signaling

57
Q

Inactivating mutations in PTH1R cause

A

Blomstrand Lethal Chondrodysplasia

58
Q

Activation mutations in PTH1R cause

A

Jansen’s metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (Eiken syndrome)

59
Q

Inactivating mutations in PTHrP cause

A

Brachydactyly type E2

60
Q

Inactivating mutations in IHH cause ___ and ___

A

Brachydactyly type A1 and Acrocapitofemoral Dysplasia

61
Q

Activating point mutations in FGFR3 in humans are associated with ____ characterized by shortened disorganized columns of chondrocytes in growth plate

A

Achondroplasia

62
Q

Most common form of short limbed dwarfism; caused by activating mutations in FGFR3 gene; autosomal dominant; homozygotes have severe disease that are usually still born or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure

A

Achondroplasia

63
Q

Short stature w/ disproportionately short limbs (trunk relatively normal)•Short fingers/toes•Large head/prominent forehead•Small midface/flattened nasal bridge•Spinal kyphosis (convex curvature) or lordosis (concave curvature)•Varus (bowleg) or valgus (knock knee) deformities are all features of ___

A

Achondroplasia

64
Q

achondrogenesis type II/hypochondrogenesis are ____- mutations to collagen 2

A

Lethal-

65
Q

spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED), spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia congenita, Marshall syndrome are ____ mutations to collagen 2

A

Severe-

66
Q

Stickler syndrome and early onset osteoarthritis are ____ mutations to type 2 collagen

A

Mild-

67
Q

-short, barrel-shaped trunk-very short extremities-large head, soft cranium-flat face-underossificationof the vertebral bodies and pelvis-hypercellularepiphyseal cartilage-poorly organized or absent growth plate-diminished extracellular matrix-thick, irregular collagen fibrils are characteristics of ______

A

Achondrogenesis type 2

68
Q

Replacement of glycine by a bulkier amino acid in triple helical region of alpha1 (II) chain

A

Achondrogenesis type 2

69
Q

Mutations in COL2A1gene•Autosomal dominant•Short stature from birth - height reaches 2– 4.5ft•Kyphoscoliosis(curved spine) / vertebral defects (e.g. flattened vertebrae)•Short trunk, neck, limbs•Hands/feet less affected•Hip deformities/clubfoot are characteristic of ____

A

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED)

70
Q

Mutations in COL10A1gene •Short stature, bowing of the long bones, widening/irregularity of growth plates

A

Schmid-type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia

71
Q

_____ has cushioning function - prevents bone on bone wear)•Splits joint into two synovial joint cavities

A

articular disk

72
Q

Articular surfaces of bones covered in ____ rather than hyaline

A

fibrocartilage

73
Q

TMJ enclosed in a ______

A

fibrous capsule

74
Q

Upper head of _____ muscle inserts onto articular disk

A

lateral pterygoid

75
Q

fibrous/avascular (fibrocartilage)•Composed of dense fibrous tissue containing−Tightly packed collagen fibers−Proteoglycans−Elastic fibers

A

Articular disk in TMJ

76
Q

Central part of articular disk is ____

A

avascular

77
Q

TMJ disorders are ____ prevalent in women than men

A

more

78
Q
  • thought to be a multifactorial process secondary to muscle hyperfunction, traumatic injuries, hormonal influences, articular changes (e.g. osteoarthritis) •Malocclusion thought to be a contributing factor•Symptoms = decreased mandibular range of motion, muscle/joint pain, functional limitation/deviation of the jaw opening.
A

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD)

79
Q

TMJ disorders are divided into what 2 types?

A

articular disorders and non articular disorders

80
Q

____ most common TMJ arthropathy –as disc is forced out of alignment, can lead to bone on bone contact if disc degenerates (wearing of joint surfaces)

A

Disc displacement

Biochem Exam 5 (9 decks)

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