Pain Flashcards
1
Q
Sub-topics
A
- Types and Theories of Pain
- Acute/Chronic Pain
- Specificity Theory (Descartes)
- Gate Control Theory (Melzack)
- Psychogenic pain (Phantom Limb Pain) - Measuring Pain
-self-report measures (clinical interview)
- psychometric measures and visual rating scales (McGill pain
questionnaire, visual analogue scale)
– behavioural/observational measures (UAB pain behavior scale)
– pain measures for children (paediatric pain questionnaire, Varni and
Thompson, 1976; Wong-Baker scale, 1987) - Managing and Controlling Pain
-medical techniques (biochemical)
– psychological techniques: cognitive strategies (attention diversion,
non-pain imagery and cognitive redefinition)
– alternative techniques (acupuncture, stimulation therapy/TENS)
2
Q
Pain is useful
A
- occurs before a serious injury develops
- can aid learning and help people avoid harmful situations in the future
- sets a limit on activities and helps a person to recover and avoid further damage
3
Q
Pain
A
-an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of tissue damage, or both
4
Q
Acute Pain
A
- Begins suddenly and is usually sharp
- Surgery, broken bones, dental work,childbirth
- Does not last longer than 3 months
5
Q
Chronic Pain
A
- Persistent and can be constant or intermittent
- Physical effect include tense muscles, Limited mobility, a lack of energy and changes in appetite
- Examples: cancer pain headache low back pain neurogenic pain
6
Q
Specificity Theory
A
- Descartes
- Describe a detailed somatosensory pathway in humans
- Argued that the body has a separate sensory system for perceiving pain
- This system contains its own special receptors for detecting Pain stimuli and its own area of the brain for processing pain signals
- When a noxious event stimulates a pain receptor signal travels to the pain centre in the brain when it is perceived as pain
- this theory suggest that pain is purely a sensory experience
7
Q
Gate Control Theory
A
- Melzack
- suggest that pain perception is a combination of sensory experience and psychological gate that can increase or decrease the perception of pain
- attempts to combine a physiological and psychological approach to pain
- The theory argues that the nerve impulses which produce pain pass through a series of gates on their way to the brain and that these gates are influenced by messages descending from the brain and by other information that we are receiving
8
Q
Psychogenic Pain (Phantom Limb Pain)
A
- psychogenic pain is physical pain that is caused, increased or prolonged by mental, emotional and behavioral factors
- Phantom Limb pain refers to an going painful sensation that seems to be coming from the part of the limb that is no longer there
- Usually occurs after amputation of a limb
- Even when the limb is removed there are still areas of the brain specialised to interpret sensations from Nerve cells around the side of the removed limb
- A mirror box is used to treat Phantom Limb pain
9
Q
Measuring Pain
A
- Self-report measures (clinical interview)
- Psychometric measures and visual rating scales
- Behavioral and observational methods
- Paediatric Pain Questionnaire ( Vardi and Thompson)
- Wong-Baker Scale
10
Q
Self-report measures (clinical interview)
A
- pain intensity, pain quality, pain location, and duration pain all need to be considered when discussing a patient experience of pain
- Pain intensity: use of psychometric measures, McGill pain questionnaire
- Pain quality: self-report measures which consider the level of unpleasant on two measures
- Pain location: measured by asking patients to identify the area of the body when they are experiencing pain
11
Q
Psychometric measures and visual rating scales
A
- Visual Analogue Scale: a tool which is used to measure a characteristic, attitude or feeling across a continuum of values
- Patient marks on the line the level of pain that they are currently suffering in a vas score can be calculated by measuring the distance from the starting point to the mark
- McGill questionnaire patients are asked to tick the word in each class that best describes their pain
- Based on this a pain rating index p r i is calculated
- Patients are asked in the get the location of the pain on a body chart
12
Q
Behavioral and observational methods
A
- The UAB pain behavioral scale
- Can be used to track the severity of chronic pain over time
- 10 types of questions and each item is scored on a three-point scale
- Score between 0 to 10
- Higher the score the more severe the pain
13
Q
Paedriatric Pain Questionnaire
A
- Varni and Thompson
- Multidimensional questionnaire for testing childhood pain with separate forms for the patient the parent and the doctor
- Measure its pain intensity location and the sensor, evaluative and affective qualities of the pain.
- First Asked to circle the words that best describe the pain
- Then rate
- Finally four colour pens mild, moderate.no pain and severe pain
14
Q
Wong Baker Faces Scale
A
- Rating scale for young patients to communicate how much pain they are feeling
- Faces: 0-No hurt 10 -hurt most, five faces
- Garra et al: vas was found to have an excellent correlation in older children with acute pain and have a uniformly increasing relationship with the Wong Baker faces scale
15
Q
Managing and Controlling Pain
A
- Medical techniques
- Pschological techniquees: cognitive strategies
- Attention diversion
- Non-pain imagery
- Cognitive Redefinition - Alternative treatments
