pain Flashcards
pain stimulated substances
histamine, bradykinin, acetylcholine, potassium, prostaglandins
pain controlling substances
enkephalins, endorphins, serotonins
acute pain
mild to severe
sympathetic nervous system responses related to specific injury
protective pain
patient is restless, anxious, reports pain
usually goes away within 3 months
distinct starting point and cause
chronic pain
mild to severe
parasympathetic nervous system responses
may have/ develop an adaptation response
can last over six months
treatment of chronic pain goals
focus is to decrease time loss from work, increase quality of interpersonal relationships, decrease anxiety
superficial pain
in cutaneous area
mild to moderate pain with sympathetic manifestations
rapid, shallow, respirations
deep somatic pain
felt below the cutaneous area
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
(tendons, ligaments, bones, blood vessels, nerve)
visceral pain
Come from within the organs in the body
(appendicitis, cardiovascular issues, gastric issues, gastric disease, lung disease, renal issues)
localized pain
can have superficial or deep somatic pain that localized
confined to a specific area
referred pain
felt in a part of the body other than where the pain was produced
a type of visceral pain
usually originates in one of the organs but felt in the skin
projected (phantom) pain
felt as if it is arising from an absent or amputated limb or organ
patient may complain of pain or parasitesia in an area even if the limb is removed
phantom sensation
feeling that a missing body part is still present
intractable pain
severe pain
resistant to treatment and any of the usual relief measures
patient is usually referred to neurologist
breakthrough pain
acute exacerbation of pain that is transitory
ex: patient is given Q4 hours but experiences pain in between doses, still must be treated
cancer related pain
progression of cancer can be caused by treatment
acute or chronic
need large dose of pain med
not prn, given around the clock
adaptation response
when a patient may not display symptoms
vitals may be normal
sleepiness, shifting away or guarding, facial expression, only reporting pain if asked with drawing from socialization
pain meds
NSAISs block prostaglandins in the periphery
acetaminophen blocks prostaglandins in the CNS
analgesic adjuvants
anticonvulsants and antianxiety
nonopioid analgesics
salicylates (aspirin)
acetaminophen (tylenol)
NSAIDs
opioids
morphine, codeine, oxycodone (percocet), and hydrocodone (vicodin)
pain management WHO analgesic latter
mild to moderate non opioids like aspirin, NSAIDs, paracetamol
moderate to severe mild opioids (codeine) with or without non opioids
severe strong opioids (morphine) with or without non opioids
quality of pain
sharp, dull, shooting, burning, etc
pain teachings/ nursing responsibility
assess medication effectiveness within 30-60 minutes
tell patient to rate the pain
type of surgery does not determine pain
age does not predict pain
opioid addiction is not frequent
elderly nursing responsibilities
elderly are more sensitive to drugs (toxicity)
monitor opioid doses, titrate
they have reduced sensory perception and decreased drug metabolism
