hematology Flashcards

1
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

mosy common type

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2
Q

nutritional anemia

A

most common type worldwise
iron deficiency (microcytic)
folic deficiency (megaloblastic)
B12 deficiency (pernicious)

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3
Q

hypoproliferative anemia

A

underproduction of RBCs by the bone marrow
marrow unable to produce
adequate amount of RBCs

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4
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

increased destruction of circulating RBCs
RES destroys RBC

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5
Q

anemia clinical manifestations

A

chronic: asymptomatic, fatigue
mild: (hgb 10-12) asymptomatic fatigue
moderate (hgb 6-10) fatigue, dyspnea, palpitation, tachycardia, diaphoresis on exertion
severe: chronic fatigue, severe symptoms, peripheral edema

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6
Q

anemia diagnostics

A

history and physical
CBC
reticulocyte count
coagulation screening (INR, PT, PTT)
bone marrow aspiration

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7
Q

iron deficiency microcytic (small rbc)

A

most common type worldwide
total body iron content
decreased

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8
Q

microcytic anemia risk factors

A

blood loss
hemorrhoids
menstruating and pregnant
adolescents children infants

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9
Q

microcytic anemia nursing care

A

diet rich in eggs, meat, leafy greens, liver (best source), vit c mineral milk, fiber, soy, coffee, tea
supplemental iron (rinse, straws)
Z track injections
monitor for dark tarry stools (can indicate internal bleeding)
avoid antacids

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10
Q

folate deficiency anemia (megaloblastic)

A

abnormally large RBC with altered shape, size, function- cannot carry O3
does not effect nervous system
risk factors” alcohol, seizure prevention meds, genetics chron’s, celiac disease) infants

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11
Q

megaloblastic treatment/ diet

A

oral dietary supplements (folic acid from diet, vit b)
treat underlying condition
decrease alcohol and increase folic acid

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12
Q

megaloblastic symptoms

A

decreased appetite, irritable, fatigue, diarrhea, glossitis, pallor

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13
Q

b12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) diet

A

diet of meat, fish, fortified cereal, tofu

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14
Q

pernicious anemia risk factors

A

decreased b12 malabsorption
ileal resection
chrohns disease
gastrectomy
hereditary lack of intrinsic factor
vegans
autoimmune
anything harming gastric lining

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15
Q

pernicious anemia symptoms

A

slow onset
decreased mental status
peripheral neuropathy
glossitis (beefy red tongue)
mood swings
decreased CO
decreased RBC, hgb Hct
vitiligo and greying hair

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16
Q

pernicious diagnosis

A

schilling test
PO administration, small dose of radioactive vit B12
if urine is radioactive, B12 is successfully absorbed in the body and the patient does not have an issue

17
Q

pernicious management care

A

Vit B12 injections
never orally if caused by gastrectomy
cyanocobalamin (IM or nasal spray), monthly, response within 24-48 hr, within 72 hr RBC and reticulocyte count increases
iron supplements
O2 administration
blood transfusion
erythropoietin injection twice a week until iron stores are replenished

18
Q

aplastic anemia

A

rare normocytic, normochromic erythrocytes (normal size, heme content, insufficient in number)
bone marrow hypoplasia- incomplete RBC development
bone marrow aplasia lack of RBC development
pancytopenia BM suppression, decreased RBC, WBC, and platelet count

19
Q

aplastic anemia risk factors

A

congenital
idiopathic (without cause, 50% of cases)
idiosyncratic (drug reaction)
acquired (myelotoxins)
autoimmune
infections Epstein barr virus (mono)

20
Q

aplastic anemia causes

A

altered stem cell- inhibit division
altered marrow- BM replaced by fat

21
Q

aplastic anemia signs and symptoms

A

pancytopenia
petechia- low platelets, purple/ red spots
purpura (bleeding under skin)
retinal hemorrhage
hypoxia
anemia signs and symptoms