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NEURO 210 > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of pain?

A

Nociceptive pain and pathological pain.

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2
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Pain triggered by a noxious stimuli, triggers withdrawal reflex. Important for survival.

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3
Q

What is pathological pain?

A

Pain caused by a neural lesion, abnormally processed due to neural damage, no longer important for survival.

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4
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Pain due to a stimulus which does normally not cause pain.

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5
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

Disturbance in function or pathological change in a nerve.

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6
Q

What is central pain?

A

Pain caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system.

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7
Q

What is dysesthesia?

A

Unpleasant abnormal sensation.

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8
Q

What is paresthesia?

A

Abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evokes.

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9
Q

What is hyperesthesia?

A

Increased sensitivity to stimulation.

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10
Q

What is hypoesthesia?

A

Decreased sensitivity to stimulation.

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11
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain?

A

Pain is modulated due to agtes within the spinal cord that can be open or closed; G-cell is a gate cell whereas T-cell is a transmission cell.

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12
Q

Who discovered the gate control theory of pain?

A

Wall and Melzack

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13
Q

What are the four segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.

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14
Q

Where are primary sensory neurons located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion.

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15
Q

What fibers are present in the DRG?

A

Large light and small dark.

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16
Q

What fibers make up the large light?

A

A-alpha and A-beta.

17
Q

What fibers make up the small dark?

A

A-sigma and C.

18
Q

What is the function of the large light?

A

Detect non-painful stimuli; touch and proprioception.

19
Q

What is the function of small dark?

A

Painful sensation and temperature.

20
Q

What to A-alpha and A-beta fibers detect?

A

Light touch and proprioception.

21
Q

What do A-delta fibers detect?

A

Nociception.

22
Q

What do C-fibers detect?

A

Itch, innocuous temperatures; make up the ‘second pain’.

23
Q

Where do A-beta fibers project?

A

Deep lamina (III, IV, V)

24
Q

Where do A-sigma fibers project?

A

Superficial and deep lamina (I, II, V)

25
Q

Where do C nociceptors project?

A

Superficial layers.

26
Q

Where do lamina I neurons project? (superficial layer)

A

Spinothalamic tract.

27
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

Amplification of pain.

28
Q

What is peripheral sensitization? How is it caused?

A

Increased responsiveness to lower-levels of nociceptor activation. Due to modifications of ion channels by phosphorylation. Reduction in voltage needed to open ion gates.

29
Q

Generally, where in the lamina is pain perceived?

A

In the superficial.

30
Q

What is the “wind-up” centralization sensitization?

A

A noxious stimulus that it frequency dependant, increases sensitivity and greater response.

31
Q

What is the “activity-dependent CS” central sensitization?

A

A barrage of conditioned stimuli (noxious) to mimic tissue injury. When followed by an A-beta stimulus, there is the same painful response.

32
Q

What are the three dimensions of pain?

A
  1. Sensory discriminative
  2. Affective-motivational
  3. Cognitive-evaluative.
33
Q

What are the two major pain pathways from the spinal cord to the brain?

A

Spinothalamic tract and spinoreticular tract.

34
Q

What are three ways that peripheral pain is treated?

A
  1. Anesthetics (codeine derivatives) that block sodium channels.
  2. NSAIDs that block the production of prostoglandins (inflammation).
  3. Opiods that inhibit pain response by preventing sensitization.
35
Q

How do you treat central pain?

A

Drugs that target opiod receptors and calcium channels to prevent hyper excitatory transmitters.

Antidepressants increase 5HT levels which can inhibit spinal neurons.

NEURO 210 (13 decks)

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