Intelligence Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How are ID’s tested or investigated?

A
  1. Assessing developmental milestones; comparing against average.
  2. Psychometric (IQ) testing.
  3. Imaging (CT/MRI)
  4. Genetic sequencing (CGH/NGS)
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2
Q

What does the IQ exam test?

A
  1. Verbal intelligence.

2. Visuospatial intelligence

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3
Q

What are the different classifications of intellectual disability in terms of IQ score?

A

ID occurs when IQ <70:

  • Mild ID: 50-70
  • Moderate ID: 36-50
  • Severe ID: 20-35
  • Profound ID: <20
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4
Q

What is the major cause of severe ID?

A

Prenatal cause; genetic defects.

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of ID?

A

Down Syndrome

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6
Q

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

A

Abnormal synapse development caused by defect in Fragile X gene, presents as ID in males alongside dysmorphic features (large ears), epilepsy, visuspatial defects, and autism.

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7
Q

Why are ID’s difficult to investigate? Why is the research slow and difficult to progress?

A
  • Most IDs do not have a reported “syndrome”
  • In many cases the gene is unknown.
  • Genetic defect manifestations are different than what was previously reported, causing doubt and confusion.
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8
Q

What is Rett Syndrome?

A

Common ID in girls, appears as:

  • Apraxia (inability to perform movements on demand)
  • Breathing problems.
  • Dysfunctional gait.
  • Microcephaly.
  • Hand movement dysfunction.
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9
Q

What is Rett Syndrome caused by?

A

MeCP2 mutations.

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10
Q

What is MeCP2?

A

Protein that regulates the expression of genes in response to environmental changes (epigenetics) by methylating promotor sites.

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11
Q

How are new syndromes discovered?

A

Through genome-wide testing in patients with ID.

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12
Q

What is the process of treatment development from start to finish?

A
  1. Gene discovery.
  2. Animal model trials, identify target candidates.
  3. Open label trial
  4. Clinical trial to validate targets.
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