Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NEURO 210 > Clinical Research Techniques > Flashcards

Clinical Research Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

Central nervous system. Cell body in the cerebral cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Peripheral nervous system. Cell body in the periphery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Six different neurological exams

A
  1. Mental status.
  2. Cranial nerves.
  3. Motor examination.
  4. Sensory examination.
  5. Cerebellar function.
  6. Deep tendon reflexes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are cranial nerves examined?

A

Cranial nerves 2-3 (optic nerve) are examined by stimulating the nerve (via light) to sense an autonomic reaction (pupillary constriction). Failure to respond appropriately to the stimuli is a result of upper motor neuron damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are lower extremity reflexes tested?

A

Patellar, achilles, and plantar reflexes are discussed and are the autonomic responses to stimuli to tendons in the legs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you differentiate between upper or motor neuron injury?

A

Increased reflexive response: upper motor neuron lesion ABOVE level tested.
Decreased reflexive response: lower motor neuron lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clonus

A

Upper motor neuron injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Babinski test

A

Abnormal plantar reflex in which the big toe reflexes upward instead of downward. A positive result shows that clonus is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pathology

A

Form of clinical analysis via dissection post-mortem. Can be used to confirm disease/cancerous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the disadvantage of pathology?

A

A sample is required, obtaining which will be fatal for an inflicted patient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

X-ray slices through brain to create images that are computerized into an observable figure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Advantages of CT

A

Cheap and fast, most common technique at hospitals, very good at detecting blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Disadvantages of CT

A

Limited resolution.

Can miss presence of acute stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Shifts in proton nuclei recorded to form a computerized image. Uses magnets and radio frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Advantages of MRI

A

Very fine details of anatomy.

Can be used to detect specific problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A

Expensive
Unsuitable for children and special motor care individuals.
Takes 1 hour to complete scan.
Limited availability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Volume measurement

A

Technique in MRI scans used to quantify damage caused by a particular condition. Differences in neural tissue volume are recorded by comparing before/after images or images between two different patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diffusion-weighted/Perfusion weighted MRI

A

fMRI subtype used to identify acutely ischemic stroke lesions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A

Provides quantification of specific metabolites or NT in specific region of interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammation of vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Angiogram

A

Radio-opaque substace is injected via catheter and monitored to track bloody flow through the brain (under X-ray)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Advantages of angiogram

A

Very precise mapping of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disadvantages of angiogram

A

Requires a catheter, which may cause damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Records differences in electrical potential between populations of neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Advantages of EEG

A

High temporal resolution
Useful for monitoring state of arousal
Cheap and available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Disadvantages of EEG

A

Poor spatial resolution

Restricted to cortical activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Alpha rhythm

A

Resting while awake (closed eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Beta rhythm

A

Aroused and awake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Gamma rhythm

A

Perception/binding brain activity (thinking)

30
Q

Delta rhythm

A

Deep sleep

31
Q

Theta rhythm

A

Exploration/memory and learning

32
Q

How can the spatial resolution of EEG be improved?

A
  1. Grids can be used to map finer locations.

2. Depth electrodes can map neurons deeper in the cortex.

33
Q

Electromyogram

A

Needles are inserted into muscles to record muscle activity.

34
Q

Advantages of EMG

A

Precise activity measured.
Can detect NMJ disability.
Help define muscle diseases.

35
Q

Disadvantages of EMG

A

Can be painful.

36
Q

Nerve conduction studies

A

The nerve is stimulated. The propagation is then recorded in muscle activity.

37
Q

Advantages of NCS

A

Precise activity of a nerve.

Narrow down nerve disease

38
Q

Disadvantages of NCS

A

Can be painful

39
Q

Karyotype

A

Visualization of stained chromosomes

40
Q

Comparative Genomic Hybridization

A

Compares patient DNA to reference DNA to test for gene abnormalities.

41
Q

Advantages of CGH

A

Allow mapping of changes in the entire genome.

42
Q

Disadvantage of CGH

A

Will not be able to tell if the mutation is a single base-pair abnormality.

43
Q

Why may defects in genes not be seen in CGH?

A

Single base-pair defects are not seen by CGH and therefore specific gene mutations are not recorded, only “whole-picture” abnormalities.

44
Q

Next Generation Sequencing

A

Multiple DNA fragments are sequenced at once and run through bioinformatics to be analyzed.

45
Q

Advantages of NGS

A

Faster and cheaper sequencing of exons or entire genome.

46
Q

Disadvantages of NGS

A

More error-prone than Sanger sequencing (one gene at a time).
Requires a reference genome.

47
Q

How would you test for brain metabolites?

A

Lumbar puncture.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

48
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Performed to look at level of RBC and WBC, at well as nutrients in the cerebrospinal fluid. A needle in inserted between the L3, L4, or L5 vertebrae to collect CSF.
Can also detect auto-antibodies

49
Q

Advantages of lumbar puncture

A

A valuable collection of CSF, which is representative of brain health and less invasive than a collection of brain tissue.

50
Q

Disadvantages of lumbar puncture

A

Requires cooperation. ay result in injury or infection.

51
Q

Functional MRI

A

Levels of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin are different and separated by magnetism. Represent modification in neuronal activity (metabolism).

52
Q

Advantages of fMRI

A

Localization of brain activity at rest or performing a task.

53
Q

Disadvantages of fMRI

A

Requires collaborative patient.

54
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

Injects radioactive compounds that emit positrons observed by emission of photons (after collision with electrons) Flow of blood through brain depending on activity, used to record metabolism.

55
Q

Advantages of PET

A

Measures precise location of brain activity. Can map cancer cells (which have increased metabolic function)

56
Q

Disadvantages of PET

A

Requires injection of radioactive tracer.

57
Q

Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT)

A

Injection of gamma-ray emitting material. Not as precise, but simpler and cheaper.

58
Q

Magneto-encephalogram

A

Records magnetic field caused by electrical potential in neural populations (due to propagation of impulse caused by brain activity).

59
Q

Advantages of MEG

A

Fast temporal resolution

60
Q

Disadvantages

A

Very expensive, limited spatial resolution

61
Q

Why would you ever use MEG over EEG?

A

Magnetic waves pass through the brain without distortion (unlike EEG), therefore readings in deeper neural tissue are more precise in MEG (without risking damage and less intrusive than depth-probe EEG)

62
Q

What is the difference between the fMRI scan and the PET scan?

A

The fMRI requires no injection of radioactive material and has greater resolution and precision. However, the PET scan is far simpler and cheaper (especially SPECT).

63
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

A coil forms a magnetic field that disrupts the brain cells beneath it, causing significant effects (due to inhibition of neurons in that region). Used to explore and modulate behaviours.

64
Q

Advantages of TMS

A

Understand brain networking without permanent damage or direct electrical stimulation. Used to treat some conditions involving repetitive behaviour.

65
Q

Disadvantages of TMS

A

Cooperation needed. Risk of inducing a seizure.

66
Q

Single-pulse TMS

A

Used for mapping cortical region functions and excitability during behavior.

67
Q

Repetitive TMS

A

Used for treatment

68
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

Insertion of depth electrodes to stimulate particular cortical areas. Used to treat Parkinsons, dystonia, depression, and epilepsy.

69
Q

Advantages of DBS

A

Can be very effective, limits needs for medication.

70
Q

Disadvantages of DBS

A

Risk on injury and infection, very invasive.

NEURO 210 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions