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NEURO 210 > Memory Disorders > Flashcards

Memory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

Developed first methods for assessing learning and memory of a controlled experience.

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2
Q

What are the two reasons for which memories can be disrupted? What do each of these result in?

A
  1. Storage failure: permanent amnesia.

2. Retrieval failure: temporary amnesia.

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3
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A
  1. Transience: weakening of memory over time.
  2. Absent-mindedness: the deficient interface between attention and memory.
  3. Blocking: failed search for info.
  4. Misattribution: assigning memory to an incorrect source.
  5. Suggestibility: memories can be implanted.
  6. Bias: personal beliefs influence memories.
  7. Persistence: repeated recall of specific memories.
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4
Q

Psychogenic amnesia

A

Amnesia with no physical cause.

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5
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories occurring prior to the trauma.

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6
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to create new memories

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7
Q

What are 6 physical causes of amnesia?

A

Stroke, viral infection, tumours, closed head injury, thiamine deficiency, age-related neurodegeneration.

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8
Q

Organic amnesia

A

Resulting from injury to the brain

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9
Q

Ribot’s law

A

Recent memories are lost first, older ones are the most resilient

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10
Q

What two tests are used to assess retrograde amnesia?

A

Boston Remote Memory Test, “Dead or Alive” test.

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11
Q

Boston Remote Memory Test (BRMT)

A

Assess distant memories based on well-known historical events.

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12
Q

Dead or Alive test

A

Tests recognition of whether a famous person is still iving.

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13
Q

What test is used to assess Anterograde amnesia?

A

Weschler’s memory scale-revised

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14
Q

Weschler’s Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R)

A

Range of tests used to assess verbal and non-verbal memory.

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15
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Updating of LTM by temporary return of LTM to an active, modifiable (STM) state.

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16
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Results from a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1). Causes anterograde amnesia.

17
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Connected to the hippocampus; damage elicits anterograde amnesia.

18
Q

Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus

A

Connect prefrontal cortex to thalamus; damage elicits amnesia for autobiographical information.

19
Q

What is damaged in Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Mammillary bodies and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.

20
Q

What are the six characteristics of anterograde amnesia?

A
  1. Intact short-term and semantic memory.
  2. General intellect is intact.
  3. Intact procedural and perceptual learning.
  4. Severe anterograde amnesia.
  5. Variable degree of retrograde amnesia.
  6. Selective failure of episodic memory.
21
Q

What are the 2 explanations for amnesiac syndrome?

A
  1. Failure to store contextual information.

2. Deficit in memory consolidation.

22
Q

4 symptoms of frontal lobe damage

A
  1. Confabulation.
  2. Source amnesia.
  3. Inability to specify memories.
  4. Impaired STM.
23
Q

Confabulation

A

Production of false memories.

24
Q

Source amnesia

A

Forget knowledge source.

25
Q

Declarative memory

A

Facts, data, events.

26
Q

Procedural memory

A

How to do things

27
Q

Episodic memory

A

Personal experiences

28
Q

Semantic memory

A

General factual information.

29
Q

What happened to patient H.M?

A

Removal of the temporal lobes to treat severe epileptic seizures, resulted in severe anterograde amnesia.

30
Q

What is the MTH system, how is it related to long-term memory?

A

The medial temporal hippocampal system interacts to initiate new memory trace between neurons in the neocortex to create new memories. Long-term memories are independent of the MTH.

31
Q

Pattern completion

A

Neurons in the neocortex fire in a set pattern that then elicits the response of other neurons to “complete” a memory recall.

32
Q

What are the three types of nootropics?

A

AMPAkines, PDE Inhibitors, nAChRs activators.

33
Q

AMPAkines

A

Enhance flow of ions through AMPA receptor channels.

34
Q

PDE Inhibitors

A

Increase cAMP levels.

35
Q

nAChRs activators

A

Decrease breakdown of ACh, increase levels of ACh.

NEURO 210 (13 decks)

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