Paeds HAEM Flashcards
In general, which haematological disorders are autosomal dominant vs recessive?
Dominant = generally structural disorders
Recessive = generally metabolic disorders
Which genetic abnormality predisposes women to haemophilia?
Turner’s syndrome
When is haemophilia most likely to present, and with what symptoms?
At ~ 1y, as this is when walking (+ therefore falling) begins
Haemarthrosis
Suspicions of NAI (if no FH)
How does haemophilia present if it presents at neonatal age?
Intracranial haemorrhage
Bleeding circumcision
Prolonged bleeding from venepuncture
Which measures of clotting time are normal vs prolonged in haemophilia?
PT normal
APTT prolonged
(PT is extrinsic, APTT is intrinsic)
In girls, what is the top alternative differential for the same signs and symptoms as haemophilia?
vWD
How should mild haemophilia be managed?
Desmopressin: this stimulates f8 + vWF release
How should severe haemophilia be managed?
Prophylactic factor replacement via Hickman line
How should minor bleeds be managed in haemophilia?
IV infusion of f8/9 concentrate: raise to 30% normal
How should major bleeds be managed in haemophilia?
IV infusion of f8/9 concentrate: raise to 100%, then maintain at 30% for 2w
What is the other name for idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura?
Immune TP
In what age group is ITP seen?
2-6y
What is the most common cause of ITP?
Viral infection: ITP presents about 1-2w later
Recall the aetiology of ITP
Immune destruction of platelets by IgG autoantibodies
Directed against glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Give 3 signs of ITP
Bruising
Petechial or purpuric rash
Bleeding less common- typically presents as epistaxis or gingival bleeding
How should ITP be investigated?
Diagnosis of exclusion: do an FBC + blood smear
How should ITP be managed?
In 80% of children it is acute, benign + self-limiting: will resolve spontaneously within 6-8w
Only treat if evidence of major bleeding or persistent minor bleeding
What advice should be given in ITP management?
Avoid contact sport
Avoid Aspirin + NSAIDs
How should major bleeding in ITP be managed?
IVIG
Corticosteroids: Red
Anti-RhD (if +ve)
What is second line management in ITP for major bleeding?
Rituximab
High dose dexamethasone
How should life-threatening haemorrhage be treated in ITP?
Platelet transfusion (temporary)
Splenectomy
When is ITP considered chronic?
after 6 months persistence
How should chronic ITP be managed?
Mycophenalate mofetil
Rituximab
Eltrombopag (thrombopoeitin agonist)
2nd line = splenectomy
Recall the symptoms of IDA In children
May be asymptomatic
Feeding slowly, tiring quickly, “pica” (eating soil, dirt, etc)
What iron supplement dose is appropriate for children?
Ferrous sulphate 200mg TDS
Upon which chromosome is the beta globin gene found?
Chromosome 11
When does HbA synthesis become predominant?
4-6m
What is the defect in sickle cell anaemia?
Defective beta globin chain
Glutamine to valine on codon 6 on C11
What is the inheritance pattern of SCA?
Autosomal recessive
Recall the genotype that encodes for sickle cell trait?
BB^s
Recall the genotype that encodes for sickle cell anaemia?
B^s B^s
Recall the genotype that encodes for HbC disease
B^c B^s