paeds Flashcards
signs of moderate resp distress
Tachypnoea, Tachycardia, Nasal flaring, Use of accessory respiratory muscles, Intercostal and subcostal recession, Head retraction, Inability to feed
signs of severe resp distress
Cyanosis, Tiring because of increased work of breathing, Reduced conscious level, Oxygen saturation <92% despite oxygen therapy
stridor
= predominantly inspiratory = from extrathoracic airway obstruction in the trachea and larynx
causes of stridor
Commonly caused by croup, also epiglottitis, inhaled foreign body
wheeze
predominantly expiratory = from intrathoracic airway narrowing.
causes of wheeze
Bronchiolitis, asthma
causes of coryza
Causes: rhinoviruses, coronaviruses and RSV
sx coryza
Nasal discharge, nasal blocking, cough
pharyngitis
= pharynx and soft palate are inflamed, and local lymph nodes are enlarged and tender
causes pharyngitis
adenoviruses, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, In older children = group A -haemolytic streptococcus is common.
tonsilitis
is a form of pharyngitis which includes intense inflammation of the tonsils, often with a purulent exudate
causes tonsilitis
= group A -haem strep and the Epstein-Barr virus.
features tonsilitis
Headache, apathy, abdo pain, white tonsillar exudate and cervical lymphadenopathy are more common with bacterial infection. It is not possible to clinically distinguish between viral and bacterial tonsillitis.
mx tonsilitis
Antibiotics e.g. penicillin V or erythromycin (if penicillin allergy) are often prescribed for severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis even though only 1/3 are caused by bacteria (10 days).
fever pain criteria
Fever in past 24 hours
Absence of cough or coryza
Symptom onset ≤3 days
Purulent tonsils
Severe tonsil inflammation
fever pain score interpretation
A score of 0-1 =No antibiotics recommended.
A score of 2=Delayed antibiotic may be appropriate.
A score of 3 =Delayed antibiotic may be appropriate.
A score of 4 or more = Consider antibiotics if symptoms are severe or a short delayed prescribing strategy may be appropriate (48 hours)
what is fever pain score for
determining if bacterial or viral pharyngitis/tonsilits
what is centor criteria for?
Estimates probability that pharyngitis is streptococcal
centor critieria
Tonsillar exudate.
Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis.
History of fever (over 38°C).
Absence of cough
interpreting centor score
A score of 0, 1 or 2 is thought to be associated with a 3-17% likelihood of isolating streptococcus. A score of 3 or 4 is thought to be associated with a 32-56% likelihood of isolating streptococcus.
cause whooping cough
bordatella pertussis
features whooping cough
After a week of coryza, child develops spasmodic cough followed by a characteristic inspiratory whoop. Often worse at night and may lead to vomiting. During heavy coughing, child may go blue or red in the face, and mucus flows from the nose and mouth.
diagnosing whooping cough
culture of organism on pernasal swab, marked lymphocytosis on blood film (>15x109/L)
mx whooping cough
Clarithromycin if present within 21d