Paediatrics - Misc Flashcards
Name 3 causes of Acute Compartment Syndrome
Fracture, Burn, Infection, Limb compression, Vascular (Haemorrhage), Iatrogenic (IM injection)
The medical name for a birth mark
Cavernous hemangioma
Explain a formula used for calculating maintenance fluids in paediatrics
- ) 4-2-1 rule (ml’s per hour) => 4ml/kg/hr first 10kg, 2ml/kg/hr next 10kg, 1ml/kg/hr every kg above 20kg
- ) 100-50-20 rule (ml’s per 24hr) => 100ml for first 10kg, 50ml for next 10kg, 20 ml/kg above 20kg
What is the formula for calculating rehydration fluids over 24 hours?
Weight (kg) X %Dehydration X 10 = Total ml over 24 hours
Name a condition for which bolus fluids would be used?
Any type of shock
What fluids are used as bolus in paediatrics and how much per Kg (give percentage)
0.9% NaCl 20ml/Kg given stat
The external ear develops from what structure of the embryo
6 Hillocks of His (mesoderm)
The nose develops in which week for the embryo and from what?
Week 5 from olfactory placodes (thickening of ectoderm above stromodeum)
Name one type of manifest Strabismus
Esotropia (inwards); Exotropia (outwards); Hypertropia (upwards); Hypotropia (downwards)
Name one type of latent Strabsimus
Esophoria; Exophoric; Hyperphoria; Hypophoria
Name an investigation for childhood strabismus
Corneal reflection; Cover test; Visual acuity
Name a treatment for Amblyopia (lazy eye)
refractive adaptation (glasses; Occlusion of better eye (patch); Atropine drops in better seeing eye (blur vision)
What does WHODAS 2.0 assess and name 2 of the 6 areas assessed
WHO Disability Assessment Schedule => generic assessment for health + disability
6 areas: Cognition, Mobility, Self-care, Social, Life activities, Participation
Name an investigation for splenomegaly/hypersplenism
Liver biopsy, Bone marrow biopsy, Lymph node biopsy, MRI or PET scan may be required, Splenic biopsy
Name a cause of splenomegaly in children for each of the following headings: 1.) Infection 2.) Autoimmune 3.) Haemolysis 4.) Neoplasia 5.) Inherited
Infection: glandular fever, cytomegalovirus (CMV), other viral infections, often accompanied by lymphadenopathy; bacterial, protozoal, and fungal infections
Autoimmune: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Haemolysis: hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia
Neoplasia: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), acute or chronic myeloblastic leukaemia, neuroblastoma
Inherited: Hereditary spherocytosis, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease
A crisis which may develop in young children with sickle cell anaemia, which can precipitate hypovolaemic shock and death, and is an indication for splenectomy
Splenic sequestration crisis
Name 3 investigations for a neck lump/bump
FBC and ESR, TFTs, Viral serology (eg, EBV, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis), Throat swab, CXR/CT/MRI, USS (for thyroid swellings), Radionucleotide scanning (if masses of parathyroid or thyroid glands)
Name a cause of lymphadenopathy in children for each of the following headings: 1.) Viral 2.) Bacterial 3.) Protozoal 4.) Fungal 5.) Autoimmune 6.) Neoplasia
Viral: upper respiratory infections, mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rubella, varicella, measles, HIV, Hepatitis A and hepatitis B, Roseola infantum, Dengue, Adenovirus
Bacterial: Septicaemia, Typhoid, TB, Syphilis, Plague, Lyme disease, Tularaemia, Brucellosis.
Fungal: Histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis and tinea
Autoimmune: systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and dermatomyositis
Neoplasia: Lymphoma, Leukaemia,
What is the triad of Shaken Baby Syndrome?
Retinal haemorrhages + Subdural haematoma + Encephalopathy
Which one of the following is least associated with constipation in children?
- Dehydration
- Addison’s disease
- Hirschprung’s disease
- Hypercalcaemia
- Anal fissure
Addison’s disease
Does a 15-year-old patient have capacity to consent to a procedure?
Children under the age of 16 can consent to their own treatment if they’re believed to have enough intelligence, competence and understanding to fully appreciate what’s involved in their treatment. This is known as being Gillick competent. Otherwise, someone with parental responsibility can consent for them.
Age-appropriate HR and RR for ages:
<1, 1-2, 2-5, 5-12, >12
< 1 110 - 160 30 - 40 1 - 2 100 - 150 25 - 35 2 - 5 90 - 140 25 - 30 5 - 12 80 - 120 20 - 25 > 12 60 - 100 15 - 20
Paediatric BLS: In an infant, which 2 pulses are the most appropriate places to check for a pulse?
Brachial + Femoral
