Paediatric - Endocrine and reproductive Flashcards
What is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis?
Graves’ Disease
Name a risk factor for developing Hyperthyroidism
Family history, High iodine intake, Smoking, Thyroid trauma, Toxic multinodular goitre, Childbirth, Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Name 6 symptoms/signs of hyperthyroidism
Symptoms: Weight loss or gain, increased or decreased appetite,Increased or decreased appetite, Irritability, Weakness and fatigue, Diarrhoea, Sweating, Tremor, Heat intolerance, Loss of libido, Oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea
Signs: Palmar erythema, Sweaty palms, Fine tremor, Tachycardia, Hair thinning/alopecia, Urticaria, pruritus, Brisk reflexes, Goitre, Proximal myopathy, Gynaecomastia, Lid lag
Which autoantibodies might present in Graves’ disease?
Thyroid peroxidase antimicrosomal antibodies, Antithyroglobulin antibodies, TSH-receptor antibodies
Name 2 antithyroid drugs as well as the treatment of choice in relapsed Graves’
Carbimazole and Propylthiouracil; radio-Iodine
Name 3 symptoms of Hypothyoidism
Tiredness, Weight gain, Constipation, Aches, Feeling cold, Dry skin, Dull or coarse hair, Fluid retention, Mental slowing, Depression, hoarse voice, Irregular or heavy periods, Infertility, Loss of sex drive, Carpal tunnel syndrome
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the UK?
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
Iodine deficiency
What is the first-line treatment of hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia follows what inheritance pattern?
Autosomal recessive
Most cases of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia are caused by what enzyme deficiency?
21-hydroxylase deficiency
others = 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency
How is deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids treated in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Glucocorticoids: Hydrocortisone
Mineralocorticoids: Fludrocortisone
CAH causes underproduction of what hormones and overproduction of what hormones?
cortisol + aldosterone; Androgens
Name the main glucocorticoid hormone
Cortisol
Name the main mineralocorticoid hormone
Aldosterone
What is 21-hydroxylase responsible for converting?
Progesterone into Aldosterone/Cortisol
Name a cause of Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome)
Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal hyperplasia, Familial hyperaldosteronism, Adrenal carcinoma
Name a classic feature of hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)
Hypertension / Hypokalaemia / Metabolic alkalosis / Sodium normal or slightly raised
Name an aldosterone antagonist used in the treatment of Conn’s syndrome
Spironolactone / Eplerenone
A phaeochromocytoma is a rare tumour that secretes what?
Catecholamines (epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine)
Which condition has a classic presentation of Primary Amenhorroea and on examination of the abdomen you can feel two masses in the groin
Androgen Insensitivity
In most cases the testes will descend by what age?
By 3-6 months
What surgery is performed on undescended testes after 6 months old?
Orchidopexy (surgical correction of undescended testes)
A syndrome characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell. This disorder is a form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Kallman Syndrome
