COTE Flashcards
Causes of Delirium (DELIRIUM acronym)
OR
(PINCH ME)
Drug use Electrolyte/physiological abnormality Lack of drug (withdrawal) Infection Reduced sensory input (blind/deaf) Intracrainial (stroke/meningitis) Urinary retention + faecal impaction Myocardial (MI/arrhythmia)
Pain, Infection, Nutrition, Constipation, Hydration, Medicines, Environment
Metabolic disturbances as a result of reinstitution of nutrition to patients who are starved/severely malnourished is called?
Refeeding Syndrome
Name an electrolyte/biochemical feature of Refeeding Syndrome
Hypophosphataemia, Hypokalaemia, Thiamine deficiency, Abnormal glucose metabolism
Name 3 risk factors for Osteoporosis
smoking early menopause, steroid use, underweight, inactivity, alcohol, age
How do Bisphosphonates work?
They inhibit the action of osteoclasts
Progressive neurological disorder impacting condition, which causes functional impairment
Dementia
a loss of resilience that means people do not bounce back quickly after a physical or mental illness, an accident or other stressful event
Frailty
Match the definition to the type of urinary incontinence:
a.) unable to reach the toilet in time, for such reasons as poor mobility or unfamiliar surroundings
b.) involuntary leakage of urine on effort or exertion, or on sneezing or coughing due to incompetent sphincter
c.) involuntary urine leakage accompanied by, or immediately preceded by, urgency of micturition
d.) involuntary leakage of urine associated with both urgency and exertion, effort, sneezing or coughing
e.) urgency that occurs with or without urge incontinence and usually with frequency and nocturia
f.) usually due to chronic bladder outflow obstruction. It is often due to prostatic disease in men
g.) may be due to a fistulous track between the vagina and the ureter, or bladder, or urethra. There is continuous leakage of urine
1.) Urge incontinence
2.) Mixed incontinence
3.) Overactive Bladder syndrome
4.) True incontinence
5.) Overflow incontinence
6.) Functional Incontinence
7.) Stress incontinence
a.) 6 b.) 7 c.) 1 d.) 2 e.) 3 f.) 5 g.) 4
a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterised by reduced bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
Low bone mass (hip BMD between 1 and 2.5 SD below the young adult reference mean) is classified as?
Osteopenia
Low bone mass (hip BMD 2.5 SD or more below the young adult reference mean) is classified as?
Osteoporosis
What is the most commonly used bone density scan?
DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)
What is the WHO fracture risk calculator called and what does it calculate?
FRAX calculates ten-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture in people aged 40-90
What is first line pharmacological management in postmenopausal women who have never had an osteoporotic fragility fracture (primary prevention)?
Bisphosphonate (Alendronate)
Name a monoclonal antibody that reduces osteoclast activity and a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) (both secondary prevention of osteoporotic fracture)
Denosumab and Raloxifene
