Paediatrics

Question 1

What can be used in a neonate to get blood access

Answer 1

Umbilical arterial catheter

Question 2

What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

Answer 2

Insufficient pulmonary surfactant prodution and developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production with structure immaturity of lungs. Can be genetic or due to neonatal infection

Question 3

Symptoms of IRDS

Answer 3

Tachypnoea, tachycardia, chest wall retractions, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring and blue discoloration of skin

Question 4

What can IRDS cause

Answer 4

Atelectasis and impairment of gas exchange, pneumothorax, chronic lung disease

Question 5

What is a diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 5

Congenital defect in the heart causing a defect or hole in the diaphragm that allows abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity. Treatment is surgical

Question 6

Tachypnoea for 24-48 hours post-term baby. Supportive treatment with oxygen and antibiotics.

Answer 6

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn. Chest x-ray shows hyperinflation due to fluid (possbily amniotic) in lungs

Question 7

Congenital disease with 1 in 25 carrier incidence

Answer 7

Cystic fibrosis

Question 8

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is also known as

Answer 8

Kartagener syndrome -

Defect in action of cilia impairing clearing mechanism

Question 9

A 7-year child presents to your clinic with a 3-month history of cough worse at night or during active play

Answer 9

Asthma

Question 10

Treatment of acute asthma

Answer 10

Oxygen, nebulised bronchodilator, oral prednisolone, IV salbutamol/aminophylline/magnesium, ventilatory support

Question 11

6 week old presented with increased work of breathing and possible apnoes
URTI symptoms over last 2 days

Answer 11

RSV infection usually under 18 months
Tachypnoea, poor feeding, irritating cough, apnoea
Treatment is supportive

Question 12

A 1.5-year old child presenting with barking cough and difficulty in breathing of sudden onset

Answer 12

Inhaled foreign body
Laryngomalacia
Epiglottitis and bacterial tracheitis
Allergy
Croup

Question 13

What is laryngomalacia

Answer 13

Congenital softening of tissues of larynx (voice box) above vocal cords

Question 14

Common respiratory problems in children

Answer 14

Infant respiratory distress syndrome
CLD
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Cystic fibrosis 
Asthma
Bronchiolitis
Childhood pneumonias
Croup