Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood

A

Blood is specialised fluid composed of cells suspended in a liquid. This liquid is plasma

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2
Q

What is a buffy coat when blood is made to stand still

A

Platelets + white blood cells

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3
Q

Breakdown of components of blood

A

Formed elements and plasma

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4
Q

Breakdown of components of formed elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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5
Q

Breakdown of components of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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6
Q

Breakdown of components of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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7
Q

Breakdown of components of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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8
Q

What do developing RBC’s need to mature

A

B12 and folate

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9
Q

How can changes in cell be detected

A

Number, higher or lower (blood count)

Appearance on a blood film

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10
Q

What can low haemoglobin suggest

A

Anaemia

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11
Q

Anaemia classification based on red cell size

A

Microlytic - Smaller cells due to Iron deficiency
Due to chronic blood loss
Macrolytic - Larger cells due to B12/folate deficiency
Due to excess alcohol, liver disease, hypothyroidism
Normolytic - Normal cell size
Acute blood loss, inflammation or infection

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12
Q

What is anaemia of chronic disease

A

Inflammation causing anaemia due to changes in iron supply to developing RBC, proliferation of erythroid cells, production of erythropoietin and life span of cells

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13
Q

What can cause a false neutrophilia

A

Steroidal use can redistribute neutrophils into blood rather than a true increase

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14
Q

Increase in lymphocytes and monoctyes is

A

Lymphocytosis and monocytosis

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15
Q

Increase in granulocytes

A

Neutrophilia, eosinophilia and basophilia

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16
Q

Increase in leucocyte number

A

Leucocytosis

17
Q

High platelet count

A

Thrombocytosis

18
Q

When is thrombocytopenia not genuine

A

Platelets may clump up in the collection tube

19
Q

What can cause thrombocytopenia

A

Liver disease, enlarged spleen (trapping) or excessive consumption such as in autoimmune or fibrin clot

20
Q

What is haemostasis

A

Arrest of bleeding and maintenance of vascular patency

21
Q

Lab assessment of components of plasma

A

Coagulation proteins (secondary haemostasis) and plasma viscosity

22
Q

Primary vs secondary haemostasis

A

Formation of platelet plug - Primary

Formation of fibrin clot - Secondary

23
Q

Different measures of coagulation time

A
Prothrombin time (PT) and
Activated partial thomboplastin time (aPTT)
24
Q

What is thromboplastin

A

Plasma protein aiding blood coagulation through catalyzing conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

25
Q

Why does prothrombin time shorten faster than activated partial thromboplastin time

A

As factor VII (measured in PT) has a shorter half life than activated partial thomboplastin time

26
Q

What helps in fibrinolysis

A

Plasmin that forms from plasminogen, activated by tissue plasminogen activator

27
Q

How is fibrinolysis measured

A

D-dimers which are fibrin degradation products are measured

28
Q

When can increased fibrinolysis be found

A

Increased fibrinolysis can be found in thrombosis, inflammation, malignancy and heart failure