Histology

Question 1

How do lungs control blood pressure

Answer 1

Lung capillaries release angiotensin-converting enzyme which converts angiotensin 1 to 2

Question 2

Function of nasal cavity

Answer 2

Warm, moisten and filter the air. Also contains an area of specialised olfactory epithelium

Question 3

Nasal vestibule is lined by

Answer 3

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

What is the respiratory epithelium made up of

Answer 4

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 5

Lining of nasal cavity

Answer 5

Respiratory epithelium. Under lamina propriae is a band of connective tissue containing seromucous gland and venous plexus

Question 6

Why is the oropharynx made up of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 6

It swallows food and air, hence to resist abrasion. Same non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium makes up the lingual (anterior) surface and upper part of posterior surface of epiglottis

Question 7

What epithelium covers the larynx

Answer 7

Walls are made up of cartilage and muscles, respiratory epithelium lining its surfaces

Question 8

What cover the vocal cords

Answer 8

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

What spans the open side of the C of cartilage

Answer 9

Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis mucle)

Question 10

What is the trachealis muscle

Answer 10

Smooth muscle the birdges the gap between free ends of cartilage at posterior border of trachea. Primary function is to constrict the trachea, primarily in coughing

Question 11

What glands do submucosa of respiratory epithelium have

Answer 11

Seromucous glands

Question 12

Airways about 1mm in diameter, lack cartilage are called

Answer 12

Bronchioles

Question 13

Smallest bronchioles that lack respiratory function

Answer 13

Terminal bronchioles

Question 14

Bronchionles with respiratory function

Answer 14

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 15

What cells line terminal bronchioles

Answer 15

Cuboidal ciliated epitheliumand have non ciliated club cells

Question 16

Function of club cells

Answer 16

Stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation and surfactant production

Question 17

What were club cells previously called

Answer 17

Clara cells

Question 18

What are alveolar cells also known as

Answer 18

Pneumocytes

Question 19

Different types of alveolar cells

Answer 19

Alveolar type 1 - SImple squamous epithelium that provides a barrier permeable to gas
Type 2 - Polygonal in shape with surface covered by microvilli. Cytoplasm has dense membrane bound lamellar bodies with contain surfactant

Question 20

Function of surfactant released by alveolar type 2 cells

Answer 20

Reduce tendency of alveoli to collapse at end respiration

Question 21

How is surfactant released by lamellar bodies into lumen

Answer 21

By exocytosis

Question 22

What other cells are present in alveoli

Answer 22

Alveolar macrophage

Question 23

What does the air-blood barrier consist of

Answer 23

Type 1 pneumocytes, epithelial cell and basal lamina

Question 24

What does the visceral pleura contain

Answer 24

Simple squamous epithelium known as mesothelium

Question 25

What is the mesothelium backed by

Answer 25

Layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue