paediatrics 2 Flashcards
fever
headache
loss of appetite
symptoms of rash
spots appear in crops
may be small blisters
chicken pox
CAUSES
varicella-zoster virus
direct contact with chickenpox spots or droplets
airborne transmission
contaminated surfaces
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
avoid scratching
loose clothing
bathe in cool water
fluids
rest
keep away from school/work
avoid contact
symptomatic- no cure
fever/aches- paracetamol
itchy spots- sedating antihistamines, emollients (aqueous calamine,glycerine)
fever
muscle aches
malaise with extreme tiredness
swollen glands
puffy, swelling around eyes
Glandular fever
CAUSES
direct contact with infected saliva
transmitted in blood and semen
sharing personal items
MANAGEMENT /TREATMENT
wash hands often
do not kiss
do not share cutlery
fluid
avoid alcohol
avoid contact
symptomatic- no cure
fever/aches- paracetamol
fever
sore throat
spots inside mouth with ulcers
symptoms of rash
not itch but can be sore
spots can turn into blisters
spots on forearm
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)
CAUSES
coxsacie virus
transmitted in airborne droplets
outbreaks occur in nurseries and schools
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
wash hands often
wah bedding and clothing
do not share cutlery
do not scratch blisters
avoid contact with people
symptomatic- no cure
fever/aches- paracetamol
sore mouth:
lidocaine gel
benzydamine
choline salicylate gel (bonjela)
warm salty mouthwash
fever, aches,fatigue
koplik spots (small white spots inside cheek)
symptoms of rash (starts on face and behind ears)
usually not itchy
measles
CAUSES
morbillivirus
direct contact with infectious droplets
airborne transmission
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
wash hands often
use tissue when coughing or sneezing
use cotton wool soaked in warm water to remove crusts from eyes
fluid
avoid contact
symptomatic- no cure
fever/aches- paracetamol or ibuprofen
non-bullous: thin walled vesicle which release exudate forming golden/brown crust
Bullous: flaccid fluid-filled vesicles and blisters
impetigo- bacterial skin infection
CAUSES
transmitted via direct contact with infected skin or indirectly via contaminated fomites
bacteria enters through break in skin (eczema, scratches)
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
wash affected areas with soap and water
avoid scratching
avoid sharing towels
wash/wipe toys
avoid contact
Usually self limiting but can treat for non-bullous
hydrogen peroxide 1% cream
topical antibiotics
oral: flucloxacillin qds 5/7
clarithromycin bd 5/7 if penicillin allergic
non-specific:
fever, nausea, refusing food/drink, headache, muscle pain
specific:
non-blanching rash, stiff neck, unusual skin colour, shock and hypotension, photophobia, unconsciousness
Meningitis
CAUSES
caused by infection(bacterial, viral,fungal) or non-infection(cancer,drugs)
transmitted by aerosol, droplets, direct contact with upper respiratory tract)
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
use ‘glass test’ for non-blanching rash. press the side of a glass firmly against the rash to see if it fades
do not wait for all symptoms to appear
rest
fluids
viral: self-limiting, resolves within 7-10 days
bacterial: hospital (iv antibiotics, iv fluids)
smooth-surfaced
dome-shaped
flesh coloured or pearly white papules with a dimple in the middle
Molluscum contagiosum
CAUSES
molluscum contagiosum virus
direct contact with infected skin
indirect contact (towels, toys, gym equipment)
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
keep affected area covered if swimming
use condom
hold damp towel against skin
avoid squeezing/ scratching
self-limiting
if spots are infected use antibiotics
topical steroids for itchy, sore skin
prodromal symptoms: fever, headache, feeling tired, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, joint pain, dry mouth
painful swelling of one or both parotid glands (4-8 days)
chewing and swallowing may be sore
mumps
CAUSES
transmitted in saliva via airborne transmission
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
wash hands often
do not share cutlery, towels
warm flannel held against parotid glands
eat foods that don’t require chewing (soup)
rest
fluid
no cure
fever/aches: paracetamol or ibuprofen
contact GP
rash
non-specific viral rash
CAUSES
viral infection
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
keep infected area clean
avoid irritants
cool compress
OTC creams
avoid scratching
stay hydrated
no specific treatment
if itchy: antihistamines, emollient, calamine
fever
aches
runny nose
sore throat
swollen glands in neck
swollen eyelids
symptoms of rash:
small pink spots
start on trunk and spreads to arms and legs
not itchy
roseola
CAUSES
caused by human herpesvirus type-6 or 7
transmitted by saliva
very infectious
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
avoid spreading virus:
wash hands with soap
loose cotton clothing
fluid
rest
keep away from school/work
avoid contact
symptomatic- no cure
fever/aches: paracetamol/ibuprofen
fever
red, sore, watery eyes
symptoms of rash
can feel rough
swollen glands in neck or behind ears
rubella
CAUSES
caused by togavirus
transmitted by direct contact with infectious droplets or airborne transmission
MANAGEMENT/ TREATMENT
avoid spreading virus:
wash hands with soap
do not share cutlery/towels
fluid
rest
avoid contact
keep away from school, nursery, work
symptomatic (no cure)
fever/ aches: paracetamol or ibuprofen
fever
sore throat
swollen neck glands
rash starts on chest and abdomen
small, raised bumps
skin may peel after rash resolves
white coating appears on tongue (red after)
scarlet fever
CAUSES
transmitted by direct contact with contaminated surfaces
contact with infectious droplets via airborne transmission
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
avoid spreading virus
wash hands
do not share cutlery
eat soft foods
fluid
rest
keep away from school, nursery, work
avoid contact
fever/aches: paracetamol/ibuprofen
itching: calamine/ antihistamines
phenoxymethylpenicillin
fever
sore throat
runny nose
headache
rash starts on one or both cheeks
small, raised itchy bumps
adults more likely to feel joint pain/stiffness
slapped cheek syndrome
CAUSES
transmitted by contact with airborne transmission of droplets
contact with contaminated surfaces
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
avoid spreading virus
wash hands with soap
do not share cutlery/towels
loose cotton clothing
fluid
rest
no need to stay off school, work, nursery
no need to see GP
fever/aches: paracetamol/ibuprofen
itching: aqueous calamine cream, antihistamines, emollients/ soothing creams and gels
INFECTIOUS
