Paediatrics Flashcards
what is roseola infantum?
infantile disease caused by human herpes virus 6 (HHV6), sometimes called sixth disease
- common 6 months-2 years
- fever later followed by rash
- febrile seizures common
what is a cephalohaematoma?
swelling on a baby’s head due to bleeding between the periosteum and skull
associated with instrumental delivery
does not cross suture lines and resolves in a few weeks
what is kawasaki disease?
vasculitis seen in children
features:
- high grade fever >5 days
- bright red cracked lips, red palms and soles (later peel), strawberry tongue
- cervical lymphadenopathy
coronary artery aneurysm is a potential complication
how is kawasaki disease treated?
1) high dose aspirin
2) IV immunoglobulin
3) echo (check for coronary artery aneurysm)
what are some causes of stridor?
1) laryngomalacia
2) croup
3) inhaled foreign body
4) acute epiglottitis
what is first line management for paediatric migraines?
ibuprofen
triptans may be used in children >12 but follow up needed. not licenced for under 18s. SEs include tingling, heat, heaviness, and pressure sensations
why does croup cause stridor?
laryngeal oedema
what is the most common causative organism for croup?
parainfluenza virus
what is the peak incidence for croup?
6 months to 3 years
what are some signs and symptoms of croup?
barking cough
stridor
fever
corzyal symptoms
increased WOB
what x-ray findings may be present in a child with croup?
steeple sign (subglottic narrowing) on PA view
what is the treatment for croup?
1) single dose oral dexamethasone
2) supportive- oxygen, adrenaline, fluids as needed
which medication helps close a patent ductus arteriosus?
ibuprofen or indomethacin
which medication helps keep a patent ductus arteriosus open (e.g. if pt has another cardiac defect which needs surgical repair and want to keep PDA open until after op)
prostaglandin E1
what are some risk factors for DDH?
female
breech
family history
firstborn child
oligohydramnios
what organism causes acute epiglottitis?
haemophilus influenza B
what x-ray findings may you find in a patient with acute epiglottitis?
thumb sign
swelling of epiglottis on lateral view
what age would a child learn to crawl?
9 months
for paediatric BLS, at what rate should you give chest compressions?
100-120bpm
what causes scarlet fever?
group A strep
how is scarlet fever treated?
penicillin V
what is the difference between scarlet fever and kawasaki disease?
1) scarlet fever
- group A strep
- fever, malaise, strawberry tongue, sandpaper rash
- treated with PO pencillin V for 10 days
- otitis media most common complication
2) kawasaki disease
- vasculitis unsure of cause, sometimes thought to be triggered by infection
- high grade fever, bright cracked lips, strawberry tongue, red and peeling palms and soles, conjunctival injection, cervical lymphadenopathy
- treated with high dose aspirin and immunoglobulins
- most common complication coronary artery aneurysm
jaundice in the first 24 hours is always _______.
always pathological! 2-14 days usually physiological
what are some causes of jaundice in the first 24 hours?
1) ABO/rhesus haemolytic disease
2) hereditary spherocytosis
3) G6PD deficiency
what are some causes of jaundice in the 2-14 day period?
usually physiological, more common in breastfed babies.
1) high red cell turnover
2) immature liver less able to process bilirubin
what are some causes of prolonged jaundice (>14 days)?
1) biliary atresia
2) hypothyroidism
3) galactosaemia
4) UTI
5) breast milk jaundice
6) congenital infections (CMV, toxoplasmosis)
7) prematurity (immature liver function)
