Ophthalmology

Question 1

what is anterior uveitis (aka iritis)?

Answer 1

1) inflammation of uvea (iris and ciliary bodies)
2) acute onset eye pain, small/irregular pupil (due to muscle contraction), blurring, photophobia, lacrimation
3) associated with HLA B27- ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, UC, Crohn’s, Behcet’s, sarcoidosis
4) tx urgent ophthalmology review
- steroids drops and cycloplegics

Question 2

anterior uveitis is associated with which antigen?

Answer 2

HLA B27

Question 3

what is Hutchinson’s sign?

Answer 3

vesicles extending to tip of nose, associated with ophthalmic involvement in shingles

Question 4

what is age-related macular degeneration?

Answer 4

degeneration of central retinal (macula) photoreceptors resulting in formation of drusen

Question 5

what are the risk factors for ARMD?

Answer 5

1) age
2) smoking
3) family history
4) CV risk factors- HTN, high cholesterol, diabetes

Question 6

what is the most common cause of optic neuritis?

Answer 6

multiple sclerosis

other causes: diabetes, syphilis

Question 7

what is a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)?

Answer 7

pupil dilates when light shone into it instead of constricting

Question 8

how do you treat dry vs wet macular degeneration?

Answer 8

no cure, but options to slow progression of disease:

dry= zinc + vitamin A, C, E

wet= anti-VEGF injections

Question 9

what is RAPD?

Answer 9

relative afferent pupillary defect

when light shone into affected eye during swinging light test, the pupil appears to dilate or not constrict as much (marcus gunn pupil)

when the light is moved to the unaffected eye, both pupils constrict normally

indicates damage to retina or optic nerve of affected eye, meaning the afferent signal coming in to that eye is compromised

causes include optic neuritis, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration