Paediatrics Flashcards
name cyanotic congenital heart defects?
Cyanotic congenital heart defects- start with letter ‘T’ (child appeared blue and cyanosed)
Truncus arteriosus- single common blood vessel comes out of the heart (mixing of blood)
Transposition of the great arteries- pulmonary artery and aorta have switched over (mixing of blood)
Tricuspid atresia- failure of tricuspid valve formation (> down’s syndrome)
Tetralogy of Fallot- 3/4- VROP
V- ventricular septal defect
R- right ventricular hypertrophy
O- overring aorta
P- pulmonary stenosis
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return- oxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart instead of the left and mixes with deoxygenated blood
name non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases?
Non-cyanotic congenital heart diseases- child appears pink and perfused
Atrial septal defect- lack of septum formation/ hole between RA and LA leading to mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. >Down’s Syndrome
Ventricular septal defect- lack of septum formation/ hole between RV and LV leading to oxygenated blood to move back into the lungs instead of going to the body
Atrioventricular septal defect- hole/ lack of septum between atria and ventricles. One valve instead of two. Increases the pressure of the blood travelling to the lungs, making the right hand-side of the heart work harder and function less well. > Down’s syndrome- most common
Parent ductus arteriosus- an extra blood vessel connection between pulmonary artery and aorta. PDA will shrink and close on its own in the first few days of life. If it stays open longer, it may cause extra blood to flow to the lungs. Heart has to work harder to pump blood around body.
name the common paediatric genetic conditions?
type of abnormality?- chromosome
presenting features?
Cri du Chat syndrome- chromosome 5p deletion, cat-like cry, poor feeding/weight gain, learning difficulty, hypertelorism
Patau syndrome- caused by trisomy 13, cleft lip/ palate, microcephaly, polydactyl
Edwards syndrome- trisomy 18, low set ears, micrognathia, rocker bottom feet
Pierre Robin syndrome- SOX-9 mutation, micrognathia (lower jaw than normal), cleft palate, posterior tongue displacement
Prader Willi syndrome- deletion in PATERNAL copy 15q-11-13, hypotonia, hypogonadism, obesity
William’s syndrome- chromosome 7 deletion, short stature, learning difficulties, extroverted, aortic stenosis
Fragile X syndrome- trinucleotide repeat of X-chromosome, macrocephaly, large ears, high arched palate, long thin face, macroorchidism (testes larger than normal for the age)
Noonan syndrome- autosomal dominant, webbed neck, short stature pulmonary stenosis, pectus excavatum (ribs grow inwards)
Turner’s syndrome- 45XO/ 45X (only have 1 X-chromosome, affects girls only), short stature, wide spaced nipples, primary amenorrhoea (NEVER experienced menstruation), shield test
Down’s syndrome- trisomy 21, single palmar crease, short neck, round face and flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, brush-field eye spots
Klinefelter syndrome- 47XXY (males with an extra X-chromosome), increased oestrogen levels, gynaecomastia, tall/ slim, reduced muscle bulk, hypogonadism, > risk of oesteopersis/ breast cancer
DiGeorge syndrome- chromosome 22 deletion, tetralogy of Fallot, long face and small teeth, broad nose, cleft palate
common conditions that cause limping in a child?
Developmental dysplasia of the hip- femoral head not fused with hip
Perthes disease- Blood supply to the head of the thigh bone is disrupted which causes the bone to deteriorate. This can cause pain, limping and limited movement of the hip joint
Septic arthritis- infection of joint fluid/ tissues (medical emergency)
Transient arthritis- inflammation of the synovium (lining)
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
What are the 4 signs of tetralogy of Fallot?
VROP
v- ventricular septal defect
r- right ventricular hypertrophy
o- overriding aorta
p- pulmonary stenosis
name the common paediatric rashes/ skin presentations?
salmon patch
infantile haemangioma
port wine stain
chicken-pox (varicella zoster virus)
measles
rubella (RNA togovirus)
mumps
meningococcal rash
erythema marginatum
EBV rash (epstein-barr virus)
molluscum contagiosum (molluscum virus)
hand, foot and mouth disease- coxsackie virus)
scabies
impetigo (s. aureus/ pyogenes)
Scarlett fever (step A)
seborrheic dermatitis
what is RVS?
causes?
pathophysiology?
transmission?
respiratory syncytial virus
- Most common cause of bronchiolitis (affects bronchioles LRTI)
- Infants <6 months at greatest risk in winter months
- Transmitted via respiratory droplets (cough, sneeze)
- Causes more than one cell to merge together – hence syncytial virus
- Infected cells eventually die leading to inflammation -> bronchiolitis -> increased mucus production -> oedema in bronchioles -> restricts airflow
symptoms of RVS?
RSV management?
Symptoms:
* Mild- cough, fever, sore throat
* Severe- wheezing, SOB, hypoxia
Management: mostly self-limiting and needs conservative treatment
Moderate/ severe- oxygen support
Vaccine now available
