Paediatric Ophthalmology

Question 1

What is strabismus?

Answer 1

squint

Question 2

Two risk factors for strabismus?

Answer 2

premature birth
family history
cerebral palsy

Question 3

What is Hirschberg reflex?

Answer 3

=corneal light reflex test is a quick and simple way to check ocular alignment. This assessment is particularly useful for testing for strabismus (misalignment of the eyes)

Question 4

Name one type of strabismus

Answer 4

esotropia
exotropia
hypertropia
hypotropia

Question 5

What is ambylopia?

Answer 5

Lazy eye (amblyopia) is reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life. The weaker — or lazy — eye often wanders inward or outward.

Amblyopia generally develops from birth up to age 7 years. It is the leading cause of decreased vision among children. Rarely, lazy eye affects both eyes.

Question 6

What is the management of amblyopia?

Answer 6

Spectacle
Patching (4 hours/day)
Atropine penalization (6/18)- apply to good eye, causing blurriness of the good eye

Question 7

Name one cause of ambylopia

Answer 7

muscle imbalance
refractive error
stimulus deprivation

Question 8

List two risk factors for ambylopia

Answer 8

Premature birth
Small size at birth
Family history of lazy eye
Developmental disabilities

Question 9

What is lacrimal drainage?

Answer 9

nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Question 10

What is the treatment of lacrimal drainage?

Answer 10

bathe the eyes
antibiotics if eye is red

Question 11

Discharge is seen in neonate day 2. What is the likely causative organism?

Answer 11

n.gonorrhoea
Discharge in first week of life will be gonococcal- day 1-3

Question 12

Discharge is seen in neonate day 15. What is the likely causative organism?

Answer 12

chlamydiaday 4-28

Question 13

List two differentials for lukocoria= white pupil

Answer 13

Retinoblastoma
Congenital cataract
Retina detachment

Question 14

Name on systemic disorder that can result in congenital cataract?

Answer 14

secondary causes:
– chromosomal, metabolic, maternal infections
- down’s syndrome

Question 15

State one complication of cataract surgery?

Answer 15

Visual axis opacities
Glaucoma
Inflammation
Endophthalmitis

Question 16

What is the management of retinoblastoma?

Answer 16

chemo
focal laser therapy
ennucleation

Question 17

List two risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity

Answer 17

low gestational age
low birth weight
high oxygen tension - oxygen therapy , poor development of vasculature

Question 18

At what age does central vision processing stop and therefore why is it important to treat ambylopia early?

Answer 18

6-8 years

Question 19

What is enucleation?

Answer 19

removing eye

Question 20

What is opthalmia neonatorum?

Answer 20

conjunctivitis in the neonate

Question 21

What is the most common cause of orbital cellulitis?

Answer 21

Sinusitis- ethmoid

Question 22

Name one complication of orbital cellulitis

Answer 22

optic nerve compression
artery or vein occlusion
intracrnial abscess
exposure keratitis
cavernosus sinus thrombosis

Question 23

Which is the most common type of ocular cellulitis?

Answer 23

preseptal cellulitis

Question 24

List three differences between pre-septal and orbital cellulitis?

Answer 24

orbital- proptosis, painful eye movements, reduced visual acuity, reduced colour vision, RAPD

Question 25

Which vaccination is indicated in orbital cellulitis

Answer 25

H.influenzae

Question 26

List two risk factors for orbital cellulitis

Answer 26

sinus disease trauma surgery immunocompromised

Question 27

Antibiotic for orbital cellulitis?

Answer 27

cefuroxime

Question 28

List three complications of orbital cellulitis

Answer 28

orbital abscess cerebral abscess meningitis inflammation optic nerve cavernous sinus thrombosis