Paediatric ENT Surgery Flashcards
What are common symptoms associated with ear problems?
Hearing loss Otalgia Otorrhoea Tinnitus Vertigo
What hearing tests are used in paediatrics?
Otoacoustic emissions (newborn) Auditory brainstem response Distraction test (6-18months) Visually reinforced audiometry (1-3yrs) Play audiometry (3-5yrs) Pure tone audiometry (4 yrs plus)
What are the symptoms of otitis media with effusion?
Hearing loss
Speech delay
Behavioural problems
Academic decline
What are the causes of otitis media with effusion?
Eustachian tube dysfunction
Adenoidal hypertrophy
Resolving acute otitis media
How is otitis media with effusion managed?
Hearing aids
Grommet insertion
Adenoidectomy
What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?
Pain
Fever
Ear discharge
systemic upset (sleep disturbance)
What are the microbiological causes of acute otitis media?
Haemophilus influenza
Strep pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
How is acute otitis media managed?
Analgesia (calpol, ibuprofen)
Antibiotics (amoxycillin, co amoxiclav)
What are the complications of acute otitis media?
Acute mastoiditis Facial nerve palsy Mastoid abscess Labyrinthitis Meningitis Cerebral abscess Febrile convulsion
Apart from a standard hearing aid, what are the other types of hearing aids
Bone anchored hearing aid
Cochlear implant
What are common symptoms associated with nose problems?
Nasal obstruction Nasal discharge Epistaxis Sense of smell Sinus discomfort
What examinations are commonly used to look at the nose?
Nasal speculum
Auriscope
Nasal endoscopy
What investigations are used to determine a nose problem?
Allergy test
Plain X ray
CT
What is the more common name for epistaxis?
Nosebleed
What area is most commonly associated with epistaxis?
Little’s area
How is epistaxis managed?
First aid
Antibiotic ointments (naseptrin, bactroban)
Cautery
Nasal packing
What are the causes of nasal obstruction?
Rhinitis (allergic or non allergic)
Adenoidal hypertrophy
Foreign body
How are nasal obstructions managed?
Decongestants
Steroids
Surgery
What is nasal polyposis a result of?
Chronic rhinosinusitis
Cystic fibrosis
Angiofibroma
What are common symptoms associated with throat and neck problems?
Sore throat/ odynophagia Dysphagia Referred otalgia Snoring from large tonsils Hoareness Stridor Drooling Neck lumps
What is the bacterial cause of tonsillitis?
Beta haemolytic streptococci
What investigations should be done for tonsillitis?
EBV serology
FBC
U&E
CRP
What is the management for tonsillitis?
Penicillin V Avoid amoxycillin/ ampicilin Antiseptic gargle (difflam) Analgesia Surgery
What are the indications for a tonsillectomy?
Recurrent tonsillitis
Quinsy
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Malignancy
