Paediatric ENT Surgery

Question 1

What are common symptoms associated with ear problems?

Answer 1

Hearing loss 
Otalgia 
Otorrhoea 
Tinnitus 
Vertigo

Question 2

What hearing tests are used in paediatrics?

Answer 2

Otoacoustic emissions (newborn) 
Auditory brainstem response 
Distraction test (6-18months) 
Visually reinforced audiometry (1-3yrs) 
Play audiometry (3-5yrs) 
Pure tone audiometry (4 yrs plus)

Question 3

What are the symptoms of otitis media with effusion?

Answer 3

Hearing loss
Speech delay
Behavioural problems
Academic decline

Question 4

What are the causes of otitis media with effusion?

Answer 4

Eustachian tube dysfunction
Adenoidal hypertrophy
Resolving acute otitis media

Question 5

How is otitis media with effusion managed?

Answer 5

Hearing aids
Grommet insertion
Adenoidectomy

Question 6

What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?

Answer 6

Pain
Fever
Ear discharge
systemic upset (sleep disturbance)

Question 7

What are the microbiological causes of acute otitis media?

Answer 7

Haemophilus influenza
Strep pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 8

How is acute otitis media managed?

Answer 8

Analgesia (calpol, ibuprofen)

Antibiotics (amoxycillin, co amoxiclav)

Question 9

What are the complications of acute otitis media?

Answer 9

Acute mastoiditis 
Facial nerve palsy 
Mastoid abscess 
Labyrinthitis
Meningitis 
Cerebral abscess 
Febrile convulsion

Question 10

Apart from a standard hearing aid, what are the other types of hearing aids

Answer 10

Bone anchored hearing aid

Cochlear implant

Question 11

What are common symptoms associated with nose problems?

Answer 11

Nasal obstruction 
Nasal discharge 
Epistaxis 
Sense of smell 
Sinus discomfort

Question 12

What examinations are commonly used to look at the nose?

Answer 12

Nasal speculum
Auriscope
Nasal endoscopy

Question 13

What investigations are used to determine a nose problem?

Answer 13

Allergy test
Plain X ray
CT

Question 14

What is the more common name for epistaxis?

Answer 14

Nosebleed

Question 15

What area is most commonly associated with epistaxis?

Answer 15

Little’s area

Question 16

How is epistaxis managed?

Answer 16

First aid
Antibiotic ointments (naseptrin, bactroban)
Cautery
Nasal packing

Question 17

What are the causes of nasal obstruction?

Answer 17

Rhinitis (allergic or non allergic)
Adenoidal hypertrophy
Foreign body

Question 18

How are nasal obstructions managed?

Answer 18

Decongestants
Steroids
Surgery

Question 19

What is nasal polyposis a result of?

Answer 19

Chronic rhinosinusitis
Cystic fibrosis
Angiofibroma

Question 20

What are common symptoms associated with throat and neck problems?

Answer 20

Sore throat/ odynophagia 
Dysphagia 
Referred otalgia 
Snoring from large tonsils 
Hoareness 
Stridor 
Drooling 
Neck lumps

Question 21

What is the bacterial cause of tonsillitis?

Answer 21

Beta haemolytic streptococci

Question 22

What investigations should be done for tonsillitis?

Answer 22

EBV serology
FBC
U&E
CRP

Question 23

What is the management for tonsillitis?

Answer 23

Penicillin V 
Avoid amoxycillin/ ampicilin 
Antiseptic gargle (difflam) 
Analgesia 
Surgery

Question 24

What are the indications for a tonsillectomy?

Answer 24

Recurrent tonsillitis
Quinsy
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Malignancy

Question 25

What is stertor?

Answer 25

Noisy breathing due to obstruction above the larynx

Question 26

What is stridor?

Answer 26

Noisy breathing due to obstruction at or below the larynx, usually inspiratory

Question 27

What are the causes of stridor?

Answer 27

Croup 
Epiglottitis 
Foreign body 
Vocal cord palsy 
Subglottic stenosis 
Laryngomalacia