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Head and Neck > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the neck?

A

Mandible (sup)
Clavicle (inf)
Anterior `midline (ant)
Trapezius (post)

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A

Midline of neck (ant)

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (post)

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A

Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid (ant)

Anterior border of trapezius (post)

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4
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A 
Common carotid artery (ext and int) 
Vagus nerve 
Internal jugular vein 
Laryngeal nerves 
Glossopharyngeal nerves 
Submandibular and submittal nodes
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5
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

A

Occipital artery
External jugular vein
Accessory nerve
Cervical nerve plexus

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6
Q

At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C4

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7
Q

What are the branches of the ECA in the neck?

A 
Sup thyroid 
Ascending pharyngeal 
Lingual 
Occipital 
Facial 
Post auricular 
Maxillary 
Sup temporal
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8
Q

What are the complications of central lines?

A 
Pneumothorax 
Haematoma 
Cardiac tamponade 
Thrombosis 
Sepsis 
Air embolism
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9
Q

What are the uses of central lines?

A 
Central venous pressure 
Drug administration 
Cardiac pacing 
Haemodialysis 
IV nutrition
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10
Q

Where do the lymph nodes in the head and neck drain to?

A

Cisterna chyli then to thoracic duct on left

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11
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine

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12
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine

Calcitonin

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13
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin?

A

Lowers calcium

Raises phosphate

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14
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Dilatation of thyroglossal duct remnant

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15
Q

What are the signs of a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Grows with age

Moves on tongue protrusion

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16
Q

What is the treatment for thyroglossal cysts?

A

Ultrasound prior to excision

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17
Q

What are the different types of thyroid masses?

A

Solitary thyroid nodule
Diffuse enlargement
Multi nodular goitre

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for thyroid masses?

A

Neck X-rays in childhood

Ask about Chernobyl or other mass radiation exposure

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19
Q

What could be the causes of a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

Cyst due to localised haemorrhage
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Lymphoma

20
Q

What are the investigations for a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

Fine needle aspiration (cant distinguish between adenoma and follicular carcinoma)
Ultrasound

21
Q

What is the treatment for a solitary thyroid nodule?

A

Thyroid lobectomy

22
Q

What are the different types of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary (lymphatic mets)
Follicular (haematogenous mets)
Medullary (familial association)
Anaplastic (agressive, poor prognosis)

23
Q

What could be the causes of a diffuse thyroid enlargement?

A

Colloid goitre (iodine deficiency, puberty, pregnancy, gland hyperplasia)
Grave’s disease
Thyroiditis

24
Q

What are the signs of grave’s disease?

A

Clubbing
Pre tibial myxoedema
Acropachy
Thyroid eye disease

25
Q

What is the treatment for grave’s disease?

A

Anti thyroids
Beta blockade
Radio iodine
Surgery

26
Q

What are the indications for a thyroidectomy?

A 
Airway obstruction 
Malignancy 
Cosmesis 
Thyrotoxicosis 
Retrosternal extension
27
Q

What are the complications of a thyroidectomy?

A 
Bleeding 
Hoarseness 
Infection  
Hypoparathyroidism 
Hypothyroidism
28
Q

What are the causes of a multi nodular goitre?

A

Grave’s disease

Toxic goitre

29
Q

How many parathyroid glands are present?

A

4

30
Q

What is the function of parathyroid glands?

A

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels

31
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior to the poles of thyroid

32
Q

What are the signs of parathyroid disease?

A

Renal calculi, polyuria and failure
Fractures, osteoporosis, bone pain
Abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulceration, pancreatitis, weight loss
Anxiety, depression, paranoia, confusion

33
Q

What are the investigations for parathyroid disease?

A

U&Es, creatinine, calcium, phosphate
Vitamin D
Ultrasound
CT/MRI

34
Q

What is the treatment for parathyroid disease?

A

Surgery on for hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

What are the different forms of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma
Hyperplasia
Malignancy

36
Q

What are the 4 fascial layers of the neck?

A

Pre tracheal
Pre vertebral
Deep cervical
Carotid sheath

37
Q

What are the indications for a tracheostomy?

A

Airway obstruction
Airway protection
Poor ventilation

38
Q

What are the complications of a tracheostomy?

A

Need suctioning, humidification and long term care

39
Q

What is stridor?

A

Compromised airway due to obstruction

40
Q

What is the treatment for stridor?

A

Oxygen
Nebulised adrenaline
IV dexamethasone

41
Q

What is a brachial cyst?

A

Remnant of fusion failure of brachial arches

Lymph node cystic degeneration

42
Q

What is the treatment for brachial cysts?

A

Excision

43
Q

What is a pharyngeal pouch?

A

Herniation of pharyngeal mucosa between thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx

44
Q

What are the signs of a pharyngeal pouch?

A 
Voice hoarseness 
Dysphagia 
Aspiration pneumonia 
Regurgitation 
Weight loss
45
Q

What is the treatment for pharyngeal pouches?

A

Excision after barium swallow diagnosis

Head and Neck (7 decks)

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