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Head and Neck > Nasal Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Nasal Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A 
Respiration 
Humidification of air
Flitration of large particulate matter by course hairs in nasal vestibule 
Mucus production 
Immune protection 
Olfaction
Drainage/aeration of middle ear, paranasal sinuses and lacrimal duct 
Voice modification
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2
Q

What type of cells comprise the nasal epithelium?

A

Respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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3
Q

What is the function of sinuses?

A

Vocal resonance
Decrease the weight of the skull and facial bones
Act as a buffer for trauma

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4
Q

What is the glabella?

A

The area between the eyebrows

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5
Q

What is the composition of the external nose?

A

1/3 bony 2/3 cartilage

Frontal processes of the maxilla and the nasal part of the frontal bones

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6
Q

Why must a deviated of the nose be fixed asap?

A

Manipulation must occur before a bony callous has formed

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7
Q

What comprises the internal nose?

A 
Turbinates (lateral walls)
Cribriform plate (roof) 
Hard palate (floor)
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8
Q

What structures are associated with the internal nose?

A

Paranasal sinuses

Nasopharynx

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9
Q

What are the causes of septum deviation?

A

Congenital

Acquired (almost always through trauma)

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10
Q

What other clinical problems may occur in relation to the septum?

A

Septal haematoma

Septal perforation

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11
Q

What is the treatment for septal haematoma?

A

Excision and drainage

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12
Q

What are the 3 different types of turbinates?

A

Inferior
Middle
Superior

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13
Q

What are the causes of nasal blockage?

A

Infection
Inflammation
Foreign body

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14
Q

How are nasal blockages usually managed?

A

Topical steroid sprays

Surgically with turbinate reduction surgery?

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15
Q

What are the different types of paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Maxillary x2
Ethmoid (ant and post)
Sphenoid

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16
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

17
Q

What drains into the middle meatus?

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Anterior ethmoid

18
Q

What drains into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoid

Sphenoid

19
Q

What is rhinosinusitis?

A

Concurrent inflammatory and infective process that affects the nasal passageways and contiguous para nasal sinuses

20
Q

What are the different forms of rhinosinusitis?

A

Acute (bacterial)

Chronic ( allergic, non allergic with polyps or non allergic without polyps)

21
Q

What are polyps?

A

Prolapsed mucosa

22
Q

What is the relevance of the location of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses?

A

Close to the anterior cranial fossa

23
Q

What is the relevance of the location of the maxillary sinus?

A

Close to the orbits

24
Q

What is the relevance of the location of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Close to the optic nerve, internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus

25
Q

Why are the locations of the sinuses clinically important?

A

Spread of infections ( meningitis, intracranial abscess, orbital sepsis)

26
Q

What are the risks of sinus surgery?

A 
CSF leak 
Orbital complications (worst case scenario of blindness)
27
Q

How is orbital cellulitis treated?

A

Aggressive IV antibiotics. Ct determines severity before considering surgery

28
Q

Where do the adenoids sit in childhood?

A

Nasopharynx

29
Q

Where is the anterior blood supply of the nose derived from?

A

Branches of the internal carotid artery

Ophthalmic > ant/post ethmoid arteries

30
Q

Where is the posterior blood supply of the nose derived from?

A

Branches of the external carotid artery

Sphenopalatine

31
Q

What is the area in the nose where most of the arteries will anastomose?

A

Little’s area

32
Q

What is the clinical significance of Little’s area?

A

Epistaxis commonly occurs here

33
Q

What are common causes of epistaxis

A 
Trauma 
Anticoagulants (warfarin) 
Iatrogenic (surgery)
Idiopathic 
Hypertension
34
Q

What are the causes of olfactory dysfunction?

A

Rhinosinusitis
Post oral anosmia
Trauma

Head and Neck (7 decks)

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