Package 5 Flashcards
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
Begins at the foreman magnum and terminates at the level of L2
What is the term used for the tapering of the spinal cord?
Conus medullaris
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
Which spinal nerve does not exit an intervertebral foreman?
C1
What do you dorsal rami supply?
The skin of the back and the muscles of the back
What is the only cranial nerve with a dermatome?
CNVa.k.a. trigeminal
What is the function of the white matter in spinal cord?
The white matter, outer cortical, conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain by tracts
What is the purpose of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
The gray matter, inner core, integrates incoming and out coming information to perform spinal reflexes
What are the classification of tracts that are found in the white matter?
Sensory/ascending and motor/descending
Name the sensory tracts
Posterior column; anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract, Trigeminothalamic tract, Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tract
Name the motor tracts
Direct
Lateral and anterior corticospinal
Indirect Rubrospinal Medial and lateral reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Tectospinal
Name the components of an reflex arc
Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector
What are Renshaw cells and where are they found
Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons located in the spinal cord. They release glycine neurotransmitter
Name the types of reflexes
Stretch reflex: stretched muscle contracts
Flexor reflex: Limb withdrawal to avoid pain or injury
Tendon reflex: muscle attached to Stimulated tendon relaxes
Crossed extensor reflects: polysynaptic and contralateral
Babinski reflex: indicates brain or nervous system disorder if present after age two
Name the components of the diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Where can you find the pineal gland
Epithalamus of the diencephalon
Where is cerebrospinal fluid drained?
Dural venous sinus
What is the largest dural venous sinus
Superior sagittal
Name the three dural extensions that separate brain structures
Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium Cerebelli
What is the importance of the blood brain barrier
To prevent harmful substances from entering nervous tissue
Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced?
Choroid plexus
What are the arachnoid villi
These are structures that open into the dural venous sinus that reabsorb cerebral spinal fluid
What does the frontal lobe of the brain govern?
Voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision-making, reasoning, personality traits, aggression.
Where can you find the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the frontal Eye field, and Broca’s area
The frontal lobe
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Concerned with receiving and interpreting bodily sensations. Governs proprioception.
Where can you find the primary somatosensory area, somatosensory association area, common integrative area, and part of Wernickes area
The parietal lobe
What is the function of the Occipital lobe?
Concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual information.
Where can you find the primary visual area, the visual association area?
Occipital lobe
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behaviour and facial recognition.
Where can you find the primary auditory and olfactory areas, auditory association area, part of Wernickes area?
The temporal lobe
What is the function of the limbic system?
Emotions and learning. It includes areas around corpus callosum and thalamus.
Name the three basal ganglia/nuclei
Caudate, putamen, and globulus pallidus
What area of the brain does Huntington’s disease affect?
The basal nuclei, specifically neurons in the caudate nucleus and the putamen
What is the function of the basal nuclei
Initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements and regulating muscle tone
What structure in the brain regulates the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Name the major autonomic plexi
Cardiac, pulmonary, Celiac/solar, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric
What do the tactile receptors “corpuscles of touch” Sense and what is another name for them?
Meissners corpuscles
Touch, vibration, pressure
What is another name for type one cutaneous Mechanoreceptors?
Merkel’s discs. They are slow adapting.
Are the tactile receptors of the hair root plexi quick or slow to adapt?
Rapidly adapting
Are corpuscles of touch quick or slow to adapt?
Rapidly adapting
What is another name for type two cutaneous Mechanoreceptors?
Ruffinis corpuscles
Are Merkel discs slow or quick to adapt?
Slow adapting
Are ruffinis corpuscles quick or slow to adapt?
Slow adapting
What is another name for lamellated corpuscles?
Pacinian
What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?
Pressure and vibration
Are Pacinian corpuscles quick or slow to adapt?
Rapidly adapting
What do free nerve endings sense?
Tickle and itch. They can be slow or rapidly adapting
What type of receptor is involved in the stretch reflex?
Muscle spindles; providing feedback to the CNS about changes in muscle length
What type of receptor is involved in the tendon reflex?
Golgi tendon organ, GTO; providing feedback to the CNS when attendant is stretched during muscle contraction which results in muscle relaxing
Where do the signals of the somatic sensory nerves end up?
Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
How many neurons are involved in somatic sensory’s?
Three neuron sets. First, second, and third order neurons
What is neurosyphilis?
Also known as tertiary syphilis.
Sexually transmitted infection; progressive degeneration of posterior portion of the spinal cord. Caused by bacteria
What do somatic motor pathways do?
Initiate precise voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements
What is another name for a direct motor tract?
Pyramidal tract
What is another name for indirect motor tracts?
Extrapyramidal tracts
What are the two type of neurons involved in somatic motor pathways?
Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons
What type of motor neuron is affected when an individual produces flaccid paralysis?
Lower motor neuron
What type of motor neuron is affected when producing spastic paralysis?
Upper motor neuron
What is monoplegia?
Process that affects only one limb
What is diplegia?
Paralysis affecting symmetrical parts of the body; All four limbs are affected but usually both legs are affected more than both of the arms.
What is hemiplegia?
One side of the body is affected. The arm is usually more involved in the legs.
What is quadriplegia?
All four limbs are paralyzed.
What is triplegia?
Three limbs are involved in paralysis, usually both arms and a leg.
What is Parkinson’s disease?
A progressive degeneration of the neurons in the basal nuclei region specifically the substantia nigra.
What are general senses?
Somatic sensations such as tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive, and visceral sensations
What are special senses?
Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
What does gustation mean?
Taste
What type of neurons are found on the olfactory epithelium?
Bipolar neurons with olfactory hairs
Describe the olfactory pathway
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory tract (second order neuron)
Primary olfactory area (Temporal lobe)
What are photoreceptors?
Specialized sensory receptor cells in the retina
What do rods do?
They see black and white vision in dim light
What do you cones do?
They see colour vision and visual acuity in the day
Describe the visual pathway
Photo receptors Bipolar cells Ganglion cells that form the optic nerve Optic tracts Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Describe the auditory pathway
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Nuclei in the medulla
Medulla through olivary nucleus to the midbrain
Thalamus
Primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
What is colour blindness?
When an individual like specific cones and their associated chemicals. Most people cannot see red and green
What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular ducts
What is responsible for static equilibrium?
Utricle and saccule
The brain stem consists of which structures?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Where is the cardiovascular Centre that regulates the heart rate and blood pressure?
Medulla oblongata
What is the primary sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium?
Cristae Receptor in the semicircular ducts
What type of receptor is primarily used for detecting light rays under a bright light conditions?
Cones
What photo receptors found in the retina are mainly responsible for division in dim light or during darkness?
Rods
In response to activation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, would you expect your airways to dilate or constrict?
Constrict
What nervous system is responsible for increased urination?
Parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest
What neurotransmitter stimulates the diaphragm to contract and promote breathing?
Acetylcholine
What cranial nerve is exclusively a motor nerve?
Oculomotor; Cranial nerve III
Damage to which cranial nerve by shingles or lyme disease produce is Bell’s palsy?
Facial nerve; cranial nerve seven
What type of stimuli sensed using Encapsulated nerve endings?
Vibrations
The ventral rami of which spinal nerves form the femoral and obturator nerves
L2-L4
What is the only spinal reflex that is polysynaptic and contralateral?
Cross extensor reflex
Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group and apneustic areas that help control respiration?
Pons
What nervous system is the ciliary and pterygopalatine automatic ganglia?
Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Clark fell off his horse ball playing polo and landed on his head. He can only breathe using a ventilator. What is this condition most likely due to?
Damage to the spinal cord above C3
What spinal cord feature is the area where nerves that supply the lower limb emerge?
Lumbar enlargement
What layer of skin contains called thermoreceptors?
Stratum basale
What is the name of the bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2-S5?
Cauda equina
After a stroke a patient complains about the lack of sensitivity in her right hand. What area of the brain did the stroke most likely affect?
Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe
Name a type of slowly adapting touch receptor
Merkel disc
