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AP > Package 5 > Flashcards

Package 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins at the foreman magnum and terminates at the level of L2

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2
Q

What is the term used for the tapering of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

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3
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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4
Q

Which spinal nerve does not exit an intervertebral foreman?

A

C1

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5
Q

What do you dorsal rami supply?

A

The skin of the back and the muscles of the back

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6
Q

What is the only cranial nerve with a dermatome?

A

CNVa.k.a. trigeminal

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7
Q

What is the function of the white matter in spinal cord?

A

The white matter, outer cortical, conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain by tracts

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

The gray matter, inner core, integrates incoming and out coming information to perform spinal reflexes

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9
Q

What are the classification of tracts that are found in the white matter?

A

Sensory/ascending and motor/descending

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10
Q

Name the sensory tracts

A

Posterior column; anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract, Trigeminothalamic tract, Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tract

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11
Q

Name the motor tracts

A

Direct
Lateral and anterior corticospinal

Indirect
Rubrospinal
Medial and lateral reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
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12
Q

Name the components of an reflex arc

A

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

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13
Q

What are Renshaw cells and where are they found

A

Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons located in the spinal cord. They release glycine neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Name the types of reflexes

A

Stretch reflex: stretched muscle contracts
Flexor reflex: Limb withdrawal to avoid pain or injury
Tendon reflex: muscle attached to Stimulated tendon relaxes
Crossed extensor reflects: polysynaptic and contralateral

Babinski reflex: indicates brain or nervous system disorder if present after age two

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15
Q

Name the components of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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16
Q

Where can you find the pineal gland

A

Epithalamus of the diencephalon

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17
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid drained?

A

Dural venous sinus

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18
Q

What is the largest dural venous sinus

A

Superior sagittal

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19
Q

Name the three dural extensions that separate brain structures

A

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium Cerebelli

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20
Q

What is the importance of the blood brain barrier

A

To prevent harmful substances from entering nervous tissue

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21
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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22
Q

What are the arachnoid villi

A

These are structures that open into the dural venous sinus that reabsorb cerebral spinal fluid

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23
Q

What does the frontal lobe of the brain govern?

A

Voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision-making, reasoning, personality traits, aggression.

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24
Q

Where can you find the primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the frontal Eye field, and Broca’s area

A

The frontal lobe

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25
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Concerned with receiving and interpreting bodily sensations. Governs proprioception.

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26
Q

Where can you find the primary somatosensory area, somatosensory association area, common integrative area, and part of Wernickes area

A

The parietal lobe

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27
Q

What is the function of the Occipital lobe?

A

Concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual information.

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28
Q

Where can you find the primary visual area, the visual association area?

A

Occipital lobe

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29
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behaviour and facial recognition.

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30
Q

Where can you find the primary auditory and olfactory areas, auditory association area, part of Wernickes area?

A

The temporal lobe

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31
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Emotions and learning. It includes areas around corpus callosum and thalamus.

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32
Q

Name the three basal ganglia/nuclei

A

Caudate, putamen, and globulus pallidus

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33
Q

What area of the brain does Huntington’s disease affect?

A

The basal nuclei, specifically neurons in the caudate nucleus and the putamen

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34
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei

A

Initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements and regulating muscle tone

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35
Q

What structure in the brain regulates the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

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36
Q

Name the major autonomic plexi

A

Cardiac, pulmonary, Celiac/solar, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric

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37
Q

What do the tactile receptors “corpuscles of touch” Sense and what is another name for them?

A

Meissners corpuscles

Touch, vibration, pressure

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38
Q

What is another name for type one cutaneous Mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel’s discs. They are slow adapting.

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39
Q

Are the tactile receptors of the hair root plexi quick or slow to adapt?

A

Rapidly adapting

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40
Q

Are corpuscles of touch quick or slow to adapt?

A

Rapidly adapting

41
Q

What is another name for type two cutaneous Mechanoreceptors?

A

Ruffinis corpuscles

42
Q

Are Merkel discs slow or quick to adapt?

A

Slow adapting

43
Q

Are ruffinis corpuscles quick or slow to adapt?

A

Slow adapting

44
Q

What is another name for lamellated corpuscles?

A

Pacinian

45
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Pressure and vibration

46
Q

Are Pacinian corpuscles quick or slow to adapt?

A

Rapidly adapting

47
Q

What do free nerve endings sense?

A

Tickle and itch. They can be slow or rapidly adapting

48
Q

What type of receptor is involved in the stretch reflex?

A

Muscle spindles; providing feedback to the CNS about changes in muscle length

49
Q

What type of receptor is involved in the tendon reflex?

A

Golgi tendon organ, GTO; providing feedback to the CNS when attendant is stretched during muscle contraction which results in muscle relaxing

50
Q

Where do the signals of the somatic sensory nerves end up?

A

Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

51
Q

How many neurons are involved in somatic sensory’s?

A

Three neuron sets. First, second, and third order neurons

52
Q

What is neurosyphilis?

A

Also known as tertiary syphilis.

Sexually transmitted infection; progressive degeneration of posterior portion of the spinal cord. Caused by bacteria

53
Q

What do somatic motor pathways do?

A

Initiate precise voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements

54
Q

What is another name for a direct motor tract?

A

Pyramidal tract

55
Q

What is another name for indirect motor tracts?

A

Extrapyramidal tracts

56
Q

What are the two type of neurons involved in somatic motor pathways?

A

Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

57
Q

What type of motor neuron is affected when an individual produces flaccid paralysis?

A

Lower motor neuron

58
Q

What type of motor neuron is affected when producing spastic paralysis?

A

Upper motor neuron

59
Q

What is monoplegia?

A

Process that affects only one limb

60
Q

What is diplegia?

A

Paralysis affecting symmetrical parts of the body; All four limbs are affected but usually both legs are affected more than both of the arms.

61
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

One side of the body is affected. The arm is usually more involved in the legs.

62
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

All four limbs are paralyzed.

63
Q

What is triplegia?

A

Three limbs are involved in paralysis, usually both arms and a leg.

64
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

A progressive degeneration of the neurons in the basal nuclei region specifically the substantia nigra.

65
Q

What are general senses?

A

Somatic sensations such as tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive, and visceral sensations

66
Q

What are special senses?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

67
Q

What does gustation mean?

A

Taste

68
Q

What type of neurons are found on the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bipolar neurons with olfactory hairs

69
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway

A

Olfactory nerve
Olfactory tract (second order neuron)
Primary olfactory area (Temporal lobe)

70
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Specialized sensory receptor cells in the retina

71
Q

What do rods do?

A

They see black and white vision in dim light

72
Q

What do you cones do?

A

They see colour vision and visual acuity in the day

73
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A 
Photo receptors
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells that form the optic nerve
Optic tracts
Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
74
Q

Describe the auditory pathway

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve
Nuclei in the medulla
Medulla through olivary nucleus to the midbrain
Thalamus
Primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

75
Q

What is colour blindness?

A

When an individual like specific cones and their associated chemicals. Most people cannot see red and green

76
Q

What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?

A

Semicircular ducts

77
Q

What is responsible for static equilibrium?

A

Utricle and saccule

78
Q

The brain stem consists of which structures?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

79
Q

Where is the cardiovascular Centre that regulates the heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Medulla oblongata

80
Q

What is the primary sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium?

A

Cristae Receptor in the semicircular ducts

81
Q

What type of receptor is primarily used for detecting light rays under a bright light conditions?

A

Cones

82
Q

What photo receptors found in the retina are mainly responsible for division in dim light or during darkness?

A

Rods

83
Q

In response to activation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, would you expect your airways to dilate or constrict?

A

Constrict

84
Q

What nervous system is responsible for increased urination?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system; rest and digest

85
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates the diaphragm to contract and promote breathing?

A

Acetylcholine

86
Q

What cranial nerve is exclusively a motor nerve?

A

Oculomotor; Cranial nerve III

87
Q

Damage to which cranial nerve by shingles or lyme disease produce is Bell’s palsy?

A

Facial nerve; cranial nerve seven

88
Q

What type of stimuli sensed using Encapsulated nerve endings?

A

Vibrations

89
Q

The ventral rami of which spinal nerves form the femoral and obturator nerves

A

L2-L4

90
Q

What is the only spinal reflex that is polysynaptic and contralateral?

A

Cross extensor reflex

91
Q

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group and apneustic areas that help control respiration?

A

Pons

92
Q

What nervous system is the ciliary and pterygopalatine automatic ganglia?

A

Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

93
Q

Clark fell off his horse ball playing polo and landed on his head. He can only breathe using a ventilator. What is this condition most likely due to?

A

Damage to the spinal cord above C3

94
Q

What spinal cord feature is the area where nerves that supply the lower limb emerge?

A

Lumbar enlargement

95
Q

What layer of skin contains called thermoreceptors?

A

Stratum basale

96
Q

What is the name of the bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2-S5?

A

Cauda equina

97
Q

After a stroke a patient complains about the lack of sensitivity in her right hand. What area of the brain did the stroke most likely affect?

A

Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

98
Q

Name a type of slowly adapting touch receptor

A

Merkel disc

AP (5 decks)

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