pack 6- atherosclerosis and blood clotting

Question 1

where does atherosclerosis occur
why

Answer 1

arteries
high bp

Question 2

describe the stages of atherosclerosis

Answer 2

1. damage to endothelium
   2.inflammatory response- white blood cells move to cell wall (macrophages)+ lipids and cholesterol
2. macrophages engulf lipids forming fatty deposit- atheroma
3. calcium slats and fibrous tissue cause atheroma to harden. forming a plaque. plaque cause artery to lose elasticity- atherosclerosis

Question 3

describe advanced lesions

Answer 3

atherosclerosis is a positive feedback loop
plaque causes lumen to narrow which raises bp further increasing the chance of atheroma’s forming again

Question 4

what is a blood clot called

Answer 4

thrombus

Question 5

what is the blood clot process called

Answer 5

clotting cascade

Question 6

describe the blood clotting process

Answer 6

1. damage to endothelium-exposure of collagen platelets stick to damaged wall platelet plug
2. in the presence of vitamin k and calcium ions thromboplastin
   (soluble enzyme) catalyses the conversion of prothrombin(soluble plasma protein) into thrombin(soluble enzyme)
3. thrombin then catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen(soluble plasma protein) into fibrin(insoluble fibrous protein)
4. fibrin forms an insoluble fibrous mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets causing a blood clot.

Question 7

what are thrombin and thromboplastin

Answer 7

soluble enzymes

Question 8

what are prothrombin and fibrinogen

Answer 8

soluble plasma proteinsw

Question 9

what is fibrin

Answer 9

insoluble fibrous protein

Question 10

what are platelets

Answer 10

cell fragments

Question 11

major risk factors of both

Answer 11

angina
coronary heart disease
stroke
aneurysm