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OCR GCSE physics > P8.3 > Flashcards

P8.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is red shift

A

When something is moving away from you the wavelength of the light that it emits increases and the frequency decreases. This is called red shift.

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2
Q

What happens if the source is moving quicker

A

The red shift is bigger

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3
Q

What happens if the source is moving towards you

A

It is blue shifted

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4
Q

What is the big bang model

A

The movement of galaxies provides evidence for an expanding universe. They believe that it started from something extremely dense and smaller than an atom which expanded suddenly 13.7 billion years ago. It is the space between galaxies that is expanding

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5
Q

Other evidence for the Big Bang model

A

In the 1960s scientists discovered there was microwave radiation coming from all directions. It was the radiation left over from the big bang, this is cosmic microwave radiation. The high energy and frequency has been stretched over time so it is now the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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6
Q

What is the sun

A

The star at the centre of the solar system

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7
Q

What are planets

A

Objects that are spherical because of gravity, in orbit around the sun.

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8
Q

What are moons

A

Objects in orbits around planets

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9
Q

What is minor planets

A

Anything that is not a planet or a comet in orbit around the Sun, including asteroids and dwarf planets such as Pluto

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10
Q

What are comets

A

Objects made of ice and dust in orbit around the sun

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11
Q

What are the four inner planets

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

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12
Q

What characterises the inner planets

A

They are all rocky and have an atmosphere

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13
Q

What are the four outer planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

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14
Q

What are Jupiter and Saturn

A

They are gas giants. They all have rings and lots of moons.

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15
Q

What are Neptune and Uranus

A

Ice giants. They all have rings and lots of moons

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16
Q

What is between Mars and Jupiter + what is it

A

Between Mars and Jupiter is an asteroid belt. Asteroids are piece of rock left over from the formation of the solar system

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17
Q

What state is our star in

A

They are in equilibrium state and are called main sequence stars.

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18
Q

Where does the gas and dust come from

A

It comes from other stars that have reached the end of their lifeline.

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19
Q

What are the moons around planets called

A

They are called natural satellites

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20
Q

What are artificial satellites

A

Artificial satellites are satellites sent out by humans.

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21
Q

What is a geostationary orbit

A

Time for one orbit - 24 hours
Height above earths surface - about 36000km
Features - remains in a fixed position above the earth’s equator
Uses - communications and satellite television

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22
Q

What is a polar orbit

A

Time for one orbit - 2 hours
Height above earths surface - up to 2000km
Features - orbits over the poles
Uses - military (spying), observation of the earth, weather

23
Q

Why are orbits circular

A

The gravitational force that acts on any object in orbit is always towards the centre of the planet. This is at right angles to the velocity, The force changes the direction of the motion so it is accelerating even though its speed doesn’t change.

24
Q

What do all objects emit

A

Electromagnetic radiation

25
Q

What does the type of electromagnetic radiation emitted depend on

A

It depends on the temperature of the object

26
Q

What does a hotter object mean

A

It means it emits more radiation of a higher frequency and shorter wavelength and less radiation of a lower frequency and longer wavelength.

27
Q

What does the graph for a hot star and a cold star peak over

A

It peaks over a higher frequency towards the blue end of the spectrum. The cold star peaks over tge red end of the spectrum

28
Q

What is the intensity of radiation at each frequency for hot stars compared to cold stars

A

The intensity of the radiation at each frequency is higher for a hot star than a cold star.

29
Q

When something is at a constant temperature what does this mean

A

It means that it absorbs the same amount of radiation as it’s emitting.

30
Q

How does the earth’s atmosphere affect the temperature of the earth

A

The earth’s atmosphere reflects some of the radiation back to the earth. The type and intensity of the radiation depends on the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

31
Q

What happens to the electromagnetic radiation from the sun

A

The earth receives some electromagnetic radiation from the sun some of the electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and some is reflected.

32
Q

What does the earth’s surface do

A

It radiates infrared back into space because it’s warmed by the sun. Some of the Earth’s infrared is radiated back towards the earth’s surface by the atmosphere

33
Q

What is inside the earth

A

The earth has a solid inner core, an outer core which is liquid, a mantle which is solid but can flow and the crust is solid.

34
Q

What do earthquakes produce and what can we do with the products

A

Earthquakes produce seismic waves and scientists use seismometers to detect them

35
Q

What does a seismogram do

A

It measures the arrival and intensity of two types of seismic waves.
P-waves : primary waves
S-waves : secondary waves

36
Q

What are P-waves and what can they travel through

A

P-waves are longitudinal waves, so they can travel through solids and liquids.

37
Q

What are S-waves and what can they travel through

A

S-waves are transverse waves and can’t travel through liquids

38
Q

where can you detect p-waves and s-waves

A

You can detect p-waves and s-waves all over the world however, there are regions called shadow zones where you can’t detect p-waves or s-waves.

39
Q

Because of the shadow regions

A

The core of the earth must be a liquid

40
Q

What is the universe made up of

A

A collection of billions of stars

41
Q

What holds a galaxy together

A

gravity

42
Q

What is an orbit

A

The curved path of a celestial object around another object

43
Q

What happens when the size of the orbit decreases

A

Gravitational force increases and speed also increases in order to maintain a stable orbit

44
Q

What is the first stage of the formation of the sun

A

It starts with a big cloud of dust and gas called a nebula

45
Q

What is the second stage of the formation of the sun

A

The gravity pulls the dust and gas together forming a protostar. As more particles join the protostar it gets bigger and its gravity stronger. This allows it to attract more dust and gas. The gravity makes the protostar more dense leading to an increased number of collisions and a greater temperature.

46
Q

What is the third stage of the formation of the sun

A

When the protostar gets hots enough the hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form a helium nuclei in nuclear fusion. This gives out lots of energy keeping the core hot.

47
Q

When the core is hot what is the star called

A

A main sequence star

48
Q

When it’s a main sequence star what happens

A

The outward pressure caused by the release of energy by nuclear fusion is the same as the inward pressure due to gravity.

49
Q

What is the fourth stage of the life cycle of the star

A

The star runs out of hydrogen causing nuclear fusion to stop and the inward pressure of gravity to compress the star into a small ball until its hot and dense enough for fusion to start up again and it to expand. This forms heavier elements up to iron.

50
Q

What is the fifth stage of the life cycle of the star

A

When a small/medium star expands it forms a red giant
When a big star expands it forms a red super giant

51
Q

What happens to the red giant 1

A

It becomes unstable and expels its outer layers. Leaving behind a hot dense solid core called a white dwarf.

52
Q

What happens to the red giant 2

A

The white dwarf gets cooler and dark and becomes a black dwarf as it no longer has enough energy to emit light.

53
Q

What happens to the red supergiant 1

A

After several cycles of expansion and contraction a supernova occurs and forms elements heavier than iron.

54
Q

What happens to the red supergiant 2

A

Massive stars form a black whole
Less massive stars form a neutron star

OCR GCSE physics (21 decks)

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