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Science > P6 > Flashcards

P6 Flashcards

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1
Q

whta do you measure radioactivity with?

A

-Geiger counter

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2
Q

Whaty makes an atom radioactive?

A
  • this is when the nucleus is unstable
  • decays to become more stable
  • emits energetic radiation
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3
Q

what are the three types of radiation and what are their properties?

A

alpha- goes a few centemeters in air, very penetrating

beta- less penetrating, goes 10-15 centemeters in air

gamma rays- most penetrating radiation, penetrates many meters

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4
Q

What did scientists know about atom’s structure before?

A

1910

  • thought the atom was a solar system model
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5
Q

Describe Rutherford’s experiment?

A
  • Start with a metal foil. Use gold, because it can be rolled out very thin, to a thicknedd of just a few atoms.
  • Direct a source of alpha radiation at the foil. Do this in a vacuum chamber, so that the alpha particles are not absorbed by the air
  • Watch for flashes of light as the alpha particles strike the detecting material on the screen at the end of the microscope
  • Work all night, counting the flashes at different angles, to see how much alpha radiation is detected.
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6
Q

What were Rutherfords observations?

A
  • most particles went straight through
  • a few deflect by a few degrees
  • small fraction completly deflected
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7
Q

What was the reason for Rutherfords oberservations?

A
  • the nucleus is positive
  • reason for deflecting radiation
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8
Q

What is an isotope?

A
  • an isotope is a different type of an a element
    e. g. carbon six proton
  • can have different number od neutrons
  • e.g. carbon-11
  • carbon 12
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9
Q

How to nuclear equations work?

A
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10
Q

What are some specific details about alpha particles?

A
  • haevier than beta particles
  • collide quickly with air molecules and slow down
  • gain electrons to become helium atoms
  • ionising but not penetrating
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11
Q

what are specific details about beta radiation?

A

=- fast moving electrons

  • smaller than alpha, less likely to collide with air
  • less ionising
  • act like electrons when they slow down
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12
Q

What are some specific details about gamma radiation?

A
  • released when a nucleus emits an alpha or beta particle and the atoms in the nucleus rearrange to a lower energy state
  • does not change element
  • very penetrating
  • very weak ionising
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13
Q

What is a use of ionising radiation?

A
  • Food irradiation- Gamma radiation
  • kills bacteria
  • sterilising medical equipment
  • kills bacteria

medical produces- Cancer

  • smoke alarm
  • exit signs
  • nuclear weapons

nuclear reactions

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14
Q

What are some sources of radiation?

A
  • 84% Natural
  • 16% Artificial
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15
Q

What are radiation units and what is the reccomended dose in the Uk?

A
  • mSv- milli- seaverts
  • 2.5mSv
  • if someones with dose of 100-mSv
  • three out of a hundred will develop cancer
  • can be exposed to cosmic rays 0.1mSv

when flying

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16
Q

What can affect a radiation dose?

A
  • tupe of particles e. g. alpha- 20 dose

beta-1 dose

gamma rays- 1 dose

  • alpha paticles are only hazards in the body
  • damage depends on effected area
  • Radon gas. breathed in
  • can cause damage
  • dose is affected by
  • time of exposure
  • type of particles
  • and amount body of material
17
Q

Why ionising radiation dangerous?

A
  • cause DNA molecules to behave abnormally
  • Cells may form cancer
  • one Radon atom can cause cancer
18
Q

What is irradiation and what is the difference compared to contamination?

A

-exposure to radiation source to outside your body

Danger scale: 1.gamma 2. beta 3. alpha

  • contamination
  • this when a source gets inside the body

Danger scale: 1.alpha 2. beta 3.gamma

19
Q

What are some precautions to lower the radiation dose for radiation workers?

A
  • use protective clothing and screens
  • wear gloves +aprons
  • wear special devices to moniter their dose
20
Q

Who discovered Radon and how does it effect the body?

A
  • discover by georgius agricola a doctor
  • noticed high death rate of german silver miners
  • thought it was duie to breathing in dust
  • high concentration of Radon in mines
  • radioactives -ionising
  • causes lung cancer
21
Q

How can radon build up its concentration?

A
  • by being trapped in enclosed spaces
22
Q

How many deaths a year does…….?

A
  • table
  • with a population of 69 million in 2008
23
Q

Describe graphs of radioactive activity and how to calculate the half-lfe?

A
  • negative correlation between activity and time
  • take a point high on the graph, they take half of it and on the activity axis. then subtract the t(1) from t(2)= half life
24
Q

What is one use of gamma rays in medicine?

A
  • medical imaging
  • contaminates patients
  • have to flush toilet multiple times
  • wash hans thouroughly
  • avoid close contact
  • benefits outweigh the risks
  • gamma rays can cause damagine to healthy cells
25
Q

What is an example of radiotherapy?

A
  • iodine(3)
  • thyroid cancer
  • swallowed- goes to thyroid naturally

and kills cells through beta radiation

26
Q

What is an example of nuclear fission?

A
  • when uranium splits releases a huge amount of energy
  • can be calculated by E=mc(2)
  • reaction controled by using rods of boron which absorb neutrons
27
Q

What is a by product of nuclear fission?

A
  • Plutonium can be used to make nuclear weapons
28
Q

How are nucleuses held together?

A
  • strong nuclear force
  • atoms are at exactly the right distance apart
  • it is a balanced by electriacal force
29
Q

What si nuclear fusion?

A
  • isotopes repel eachother due to electrical force
  • if they get close enough the attractive force brings them together
  • takes a lot of energy to do this
  • energy released- can be calculated by E=mc(2)
  • products of the reaction
30
Q

why is fusion better than fission?

A
  • less nuclear waste
  • more fuel(water)
31
Q

How does a H bomb work?

A
  • use an atomic bomb to comporess the hydrogen fuel so it fuses
32
Q

What is the ITER project?

A

fusion in the south of France

  • participants India,Japan,Korea,Russian,USA,China and European atomic energy comunity
  • expensive
33
Q

Who cleans up hazardous niclear waste?

A

Nuclear Decommissioning Agency(NDA)

  • expensive
34
Q

What are the riska of nuclear waste?

A

-contamination and irradiation

35
Q

What are the three types of Nuclear waste?

A

LLW- low level waste - from protective clothing and medical equip ment

  • dumped in land fill sites with no leaks

ILW- Intermediate level waste

  • HLW decays to become ILW
  • less reactive
  • long lives

HLW

high level waste

  • spent fuel rods
  • kept in a pool at Sellafield

Science (21 decks)

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