P4: Pronouns (CH30/31/32/33/34/35/36) Flashcards
personal pronouns (subject form)
personal pronoun is subject of the sentence (onderwerp)
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
personal pronouns (object form) (3)
personal pronoun is 1.direct object (lijdend vwp), 2.indirect object (meewerkend vwp) or it follows a 3.preposition (voorzetsel)
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
he left (subject)
I saw him (direct object)
I gave him an apple (indirect object)
it was meant for me (after preposition)
form of to be
use object form of pronoun
It is me
before who/that (2)
- use subject form of pronoun = formal style (it was he who called the police)
- use object form of pronoun = very informal (it was him that ate the sweets)
Who did it?
object form = me = informal
subject form = I = formal
double subject
Example: my husband and I = formal
my husband and me = informal = speech
than/as + personal pronoun
object form = informal (as me)
subject form = formal (than I)
except/but + personal pronoun
object form (except him)
personal pronoun for things
‘it’
personal pronoun animals
- loved ones (pets) = he/she
2. general animals = it
personal pronoun means of transportation (ships, cars, motorbikes)
- loved ones = he/she
- ships = she
- general = it
Dutch ‘die/dat’
- if refering to a preceding noun = personal pronoun (who is that man? It is…)
- refering to more than one person/thing= they
Exception: when refering to special relationship between the persons/things (it was the parents who…)
het begrijpen
to understand
het vertellen
to tell
zich het herinneren
to remember
niet erg vinden
to not mind
het weten
to know
het vragen
to ask
het proberen
to try
het laten zien
to show
‘so’ instead of personal pronoun after (7)
believe expect ope suppose think do to be afraid
positive statement + response
‘so’
negative statement + response
‘nor/neither’
demonstrative pronoun
= aanwijzende voornaamwoorden
- this/that = singular
- these/those = plural
- this/these = people close to speaker
- that/those = things/people more distant in relation to speaker
- he/she/it/them = refering to preceding noun (Whose watch is this? It is mine)
possessive pronouns
= bezittelijke voornaamwoorden
- dependent forms
- independent forms
dependent form of possessive pronoun
used before a noun
- my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
independent form of possessive pronoun
used without a preceding noun
- mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
Note: its is used for things (company & its management)
Their is used for persons + things (containers & their contents)
noun + of =>
independent form of possessive pronoun (a friend of mine)
replacing preceding possessive pronoun + noun
independent form of possessive pronoun (This key is mine (replacing my key)
translation of ‘een eigen’
- possessieve pronoun + own + noun (my own business)
- a + noun + of + possessive pronoun + own (a business of my own)
Note: except an own goal (eigen doelpunt)
interrogative pronoun = subject (person)
who (who knows)
= wie
interrogative pronoun = direct object (person)
who (who did you meet)
whom = formal (whom did you meet)
= wie
interrogative pronoun = indirect object (person)
who + to = end of sentence (who did you tell this to?)
To whom did..= very formal
= aan wie
interrogative pronoun after preposition (person)
whom = formal
who = less formal
= aan wie
pronoun expressing to whom something belongs
whose
= van wie
interrogative pronoun refering to a thing in a question
- which (one) = limited number of choices (which would you prefer: coffee or tea?)
- what = unlimited number of choices (What languages do you speak?)
= welke, wat, welk, wie
which of =
van wie/welke
which one =
optional for countable nouns (which one of these engines is the best?)
questions beginning with subject =>
no form of ‘do’ is used (Who knows the answer?)
Except: emphasis (Who does know the answer?)
or including ‘not’ (Who does not know the answer?)
waar
what (What are you thinking of?)
where = refering to place (Where were you born)
‘wat’ in exclamations
- what if refering to a noun (What nonsense!)
2. how if not refering to a noun (How stupid!)
relative pronoun (5)
refers to a preceding noun = betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden)
- who (die/personen + pet animals)
- which (dat/dingen + other animals)
- that (die/dingen)
- whose (expresses possession = wiens/van wie)
- whom (formal = direct object of relative clause + after preposition) who is the man about whom you were talking)
antecedent
preceding noun to a relative pronoun
relative clause
clause that follows the antecedent (betrekkelijke bijzin)
= the girl who helped you is a trainee (who helped you)
restrictive relative clause (3)
give essential information about the antecedent (they make clear which person or thing is meant). It can not be left out
= that things/persons/animals
= which animals/things
= who persons/pet animals
Example: Plants that grow in the desert need little water.
defining relative clause
restrictive relative clause = beperkende betrekkelijke bijzin
non-restrictive relative clause (2)
give extra information about the antecedent but can be left out without making the sentence unclear = uitbreidende betrekkelijke bijzin)
= who persons/pet animals
= which things/animals
Example: she has a lot of plants which she waters every day.
leaving out relative pronoun in restrictive relative clause
in a restrictive relative clause (the price (that) they are asking is too high)
Exception: relative pronoun is the subject in the relative clause. (The plane that crashed was an Airbus)
writting of relative clauses
- when in speech it is joined => no commas
- when in speech it’s seperated => use comma(s)
use of ‘that’
- in restrictive relative clauses after much; (There was not much that we could do)
- after ‘all’ if it refers to things (this is all that is needed)
- after superlatives referring to things (It was the coldest winter that I remember)
- instead of ‘which’ after; thing, something, anything, everything, nothing (There is something that is worrying me)
‘waarvan’ (3)
expresses a relationship between the antecedent and the following thing
- antecedent + of which + noun (It was a car - of which- the brakes did not work)
- antecedent + noun + of which (It was a car the brakes of which did not work)
- whose; modern English = informal
relative clause + position of preposition
- before the realtive pronoun (The problem to which you refer)
- at the end of the relative clause (The problem which you refer to)
‘that’ instead of ‘why/when’
- after antecedents refering to time (I will never forget the day that we met)
- after the word ‘reason’ (This is the reason that I did not come)
reduced relative clause
the relative pronoun is left out + ing-form or pst participle (A lorry (which) carrying steel pipes overturned)
indefinite pronoun
= onbepaalde voornaamwoorden
- each; things/persons separately or 2 things/persons, can be used without following noun (study each sentence carefully)
- every; things/persons together as a group (every childl likes sweets)
- each of;
any
= elke/iedere; doesn’t matter which one
iedereen (3)
- meaning ‘all’= everybody
- it doesn’t matter who = anybody/anyone
- either male/female = they, them, their
alles
- everything = general/usual (everything counts)
- all = followed by a relative clause or ‘about’ (it’s all about the money)
- all = the only thing (Is that all?)
- anything= no matter what (money can buy almost anything)
affirmative sentences
bevestigende zinnen
some (a few/any)
Affirmative sentences:
- some(I’ve got some money)
- a few (I’ve got a few questions)
Questions:
- any; we don’t know what sort of answer (have you got any idea?)
- some; we expect a positive answer/polite request (Could I have some sugar?)
clause of condition
bijzin van voorwaarde.
- usually ‘if/should’
- ‘any’ bij als/indien of mocht(en); If you know anything
iemand
Affirmative sentences:
- somebody/someone (Find me somebody to love)
Questions:
- anybody/anyone (uncertain of answer y/n) (Can anybody find me?)
niemand
- nobody/no one ( no one, Can get in the way of what I’m feeling)
- anybody/anyone (Is there anybody out there?
- none (None of us)
- hardly anybody/almost nobody (Hardly anybody had expected this)
iets (2)
- something = affirmative (something in the way you move)
- anything= question, uncertain of sort of answer (Is there anything wrong?) or clause of condition (Is there anything I can do?)
niets (3)
- nothing (at the beginning); He did nothing/Nothing happened
- not… anything; (negative sentence); He did not do anything.
- hardly anything (bijna niks)
geen
- no;
- not…any (negative sentence)
- non of = geen van
- neither of = refers to 2 people/things
- not…either = geen van beide = negative sentence
- not a + profession, religion, nationality (He is not a teacher) = singular
- not + profession, nationalities etc = plural
- hardly any/almost no= bijna geen
beide (4)
- both; various positions
- both of;
- either; when it doesn’t matter which of the 2
- zowel..als= both… and…
men
- you= general statement= apply to everyone incl speaker (= speech/informal)
- one; general statement= apply to everyone incl speaker (= formal) =>one’s = possessive pronoun
- they= speaker excluded or special group with authority/government
- people= speaker excluded= people in general
- passive sentence = speaker excluded (An earthquake is expected)
reflexive pronoun (4)
wederkerig voornaamwoord
- zich voorstellen= introduce oneself
- end on -self/-selves
- itself refers to animals/things (the company blamed itself)
- oneself= subject is ‘one’
reflexive verb (2)
verb that needs a reflexive pronoun = infinitive + reflexive pronoun = introduce oneself
position:
- end of sentence; (I have seen this myself)
- immediately after word it emphasizes (The house itself is small)
zich herstellen (translation)
to recover
zich verontschuldigen (translation)
to apologize
zich aanpassen (translation)
to adapt/adjust
zich aansluiten (translation)
to join
zich afvragen (translation)
to wonder
zich abonneren op (translation)
to subscribe to
zich (aan)kleden (translation)
to dress
zich bemoeien met (translation)
to mind
zich beklagen (translation)
to complain
zich bewegen (translation)
to move
zich bewust zijn van (translation)
to be aware of
zich ergeren (translation)
to be annoyed
zich concentreren (translation)
to concentrate
zich gedragen (translation)
to behave
zich haasten (translation)
to hurry
zich herinneren (translation)
to remember
zich herstellen (translation)
to recover
zich inschrijven (translation)
to register/enrol
zich melden bij (translation)
to report to
zich omdraaien (translation)
to turn
zich omkleden (translation)
to chance
zich onthouden van (translation)
to refrain from/abstain
zich uitbreiden (translation)
to expand
