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Grammar > P4: Pronouns (CH30/31/32/33/34/35/36) > Flashcards

P4: Pronouns (CH30/31/32/33/34/35/36) Flashcards

1
Q

personal pronouns (subject form)

A

personal pronoun is subject of the sentence (onderwerp)

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

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2
Q

personal pronouns (object form) (3)

A

personal pronoun is 1.direct object (lijdend vwp), 2.indirect object (meewerkend vwp) or it follows a 3.preposition (voorzetsel)

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

he left (subject)
I saw him (direct object)
I gave him an apple (indirect object)
it was meant for me (after preposition)

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3
Q

form of to be

A

use object form of pronoun

It is me

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4
Q

before who/that (2)

A
  1. use subject form of pronoun = formal style (it was he who called the police)
  2. use object form of pronoun = very informal (it was him that ate the sweets)
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5
Q

Who did it?

A

object form = me = informal

subject form = I = formal

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6
Q

double subject

A

Example: my husband and I = formal

my husband and me = informal = speech

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7
Q

than/as + personal pronoun

A

object form = informal (as me)

subject form = formal (than I)

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8
Q

except/but + personal pronoun

A

object form (except him)

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9
Q

personal pronoun for things

A

‘it’

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10
Q

personal pronoun animals

A
  1. loved ones (pets) = he/she

2. general animals = it

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11
Q

personal pronoun means of transportation (ships, cars, motorbikes)

A
  1. loved ones = he/she
  2. ships = she
  3. general = it
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12
Q

Dutch ‘die/dat’

A
  1. if refering to a preceding noun = personal pronoun (who is that man? It is…)
  2. refering to more than one person/thing= they
    Exception: when refering to special relationship between the persons/things (it was the parents who…)
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13
Q

het begrijpen

A

to understand

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14
Q

het vertellen

A

to tell

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15
Q

zich het herinneren

A

to remember

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16
Q

niet erg vinden

A

to not mind

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17
Q

het weten

A

to know

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18
Q

het vragen

A

to ask

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19
Q

het proberen

A

to try

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20
Q

het laten zien

A

to show

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21
Q

‘so’ instead of personal pronoun after (7)

A 
believe
expect
ope
suppose
think
do
to be afraid
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22
Q

positive statement + response

A

‘so’

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23
Q

negative statement + response

A

‘nor/neither’

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24
Q

demonstrative pronoun

A

= aanwijzende voornaamwoorden

  • this/that = singular
  • these/those = plural
  • this/these = people close to speaker
  • that/those = things/people more distant in relation to speaker
  • he/she/it/them = refering to preceding noun (Whose watch is this? It is mine)
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25
Q

possessive pronouns

A

= bezittelijke voornaamwoorden

  1. dependent forms
  2. independent forms
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26
Q

dependent form of possessive pronoun

A

used before a noun

- my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

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27
Q

independent form of possessive pronoun

A

used without a preceding noun
- mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs

Note: its is used for things (company & its management)
Their is used for persons + things (containers & their contents)

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28
Q

noun + of =>

A

independent form of possessive pronoun (a friend of mine)

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29
Q

replacing preceding possessive pronoun + noun

A

independent form of possessive pronoun (This key is mine (replacing my key)

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30
Q

translation of ‘een eigen’

A
  1. possessieve pronoun + own + noun (my own business)
  2. a + noun + of + possessive pronoun + own (a business of my own)

Note: except an own goal (eigen doelpunt)

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31
Q

interrogative pronoun = subject (person)

A

who (who knows)

= wie

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32
Q

interrogative pronoun = direct object (person)

A

who (who did you meet)
whom = formal (whom did you meet)
= wie

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33
Q

interrogative pronoun = indirect object (person)

A

who + to = end of sentence (who did you tell this to?)
To whom did..= very formal
= aan wie

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34
Q

interrogative pronoun after preposition (person)

A

whom = formal
who = less formal
= aan wie

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35
Q

pronoun expressing to whom something belongs

A

whose

= van wie

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36
Q

interrogative pronoun refering to a thing in a question

A
  1. which (one) = limited number of choices (which would you prefer: coffee or tea?)
  2. what = unlimited number of choices (What languages do you speak?)
    = welke, wat, welk, wie
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37
Q

which of =

A

van wie/welke

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38
Q

which one =

A

optional for countable nouns (which one of these engines is the best?)

39
Q

questions beginning with subject =>

A

no form of ‘do’ is used (Who knows the answer?)
Except: emphasis (Who does know the answer?)
or including ‘not’ (Who does not know the answer?)

40
Q

waar

A

what (What are you thinking of?)

where = refering to place (Where were you born)

41
Q

‘wat’ in exclamations

A
  1. what if refering to a noun (What nonsense!)

2. how if not refering to a noun (How stupid!)

42
Q

relative pronoun (5)

A

refers to a preceding noun = betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden)

  • who (die/personen + pet animals)
  • which (dat/dingen + other animals)
  • that (die/dingen)
  • whose (expresses possession = wiens/van wie)
  • whom (formal = direct object of relative clause + after preposition) who is the man about whom you were talking)
43
Q

antecedent

A

preceding noun to a relative pronoun

44
Q

relative clause

A

clause that follows the antecedent (betrekkelijke bijzin)

= the girl who helped you is a trainee (who helped you)

45
Q

restrictive relative clause (3)

A

give essential information about the antecedent (they make clear which person or thing is meant). It can not be left out
= that things/persons/animals
= which animals/things
= who persons/pet animals
Example: Plants that grow in the desert need little water.

46
Q

defining relative clause

A

restrictive relative clause = beperkende betrekkelijke bijzin

47
Q

non-restrictive relative clause (2)

A

give extra information about the antecedent but can be left out without making the sentence unclear = uitbreidende betrekkelijke bijzin)
= who persons/pet animals
= which things/animals
Example: she has a lot of plants which she waters every day.

48
Q

leaving out relative pronoun in restrictive relative clause

A

in a restrictive relative clause (the price (that) they are asking is too high)
Exception: relative pronoun is the subject in the relative clause. (The plane that crashed was an Airbus)

49
Q

writting of relative clauses

A
  • when in speech it is joined => no commas

- when in speech it’s seperated => use comma(s)

50
Q

use of ‘that’

A
  • in restrictive relative clauses after much; (There was not much that we could do)
  • after ‘all’ if it refers to things (this is all that is needed)
  • after superlatives referring to things (It was the coldest winter that I remember)
  • instead of ‘which’ after; thing, something, anything, everything, nothing (There is something that is worrying me)
51
Q

‘waarvan’ (3)

A

expresses a relationship between the antecedent and the following thing

  • antecedent + of which + noun (It was a car - of which- the brakes did not work)
  • antecedent + noun + of which (It was a car the brakes of which did not work)
  • whose; modern English = informal
52
Q

relative clause + position of preposition

A
  • before the realtive pronoun (The problem to which you refer)
  • at the end of the relative clause (The problem which you refer to)
53
Q

‘that’ instead of ‘why/when’

A
  • after antecedents refering to time (I will never forget the day that we met)
  • after the word ‘reason’ (This is the reason that I did not come)
54
Q

reduced relative clause

A

the relative pronoun is left out + ing-form or pst participle (A lorry (which) carrying steel pipes overturned)

55
Q

indefinite pronoun

A

= onbepaalde voornaamwoorden

  • each; things/persons separately or 2 things/persons, can be used without following noun (study each sentence carefully)
  • every; things/persons together as a group (every childl likes sweets)
  • each of;
56
Q

any

A

= elke/iedere; doesn’t matter which one

57
Q

iedereen (3)

A
  • meaning ‘all’= everybody
  • it doesn’t matter who = anybody/anyone
  • either male/female = they, them, their
58
Q

alles

A
  • everything = general/usual (everything counts)
  • all = followed by a relative clause or ‘about’ (it’s all about the money)
  • all = the only thing (Is that all?)
  • anything= no matter what (money can buy almost anything)
59
Q

affirmative sentences

A

bevestigende zinnen

60
Q

some (a few/any)

A

Affirmative sentences:
- some(I’ve got some money)
- a few (I’ve got a few questions)
Questions:
- any; we don’t know what sort of answer (have you got any idea?)
- some; we expect a positive answer/polite request (Could I have some sugar?)

61
Q

clause of condition

A

bijzin van voorwaarde.

  • usually ‘if/should’
  • ‘any’ bij als/indien of mocht(en); If you know anything
62
Q

iemand

A

Affirmative sentences:
- somebody/someone (Find me somebody to love)
Questions:
- anybody/anyone (uncertain of answer y/n) (Can anybody find me?)

63
Q

niemand

A
  • nobody/no one ( no one, Can get in the way of what I’m feeling)
  • anybody/anyone (Is there anybody out there?
  • none (None of us)
  • hardly anybody/almost nobody (Hardly anybody had expected this)
64
Q

iets (2)

A
  • something = affirmative (something in the way you move)
  • anything= question, uncertain of sort of answer (Is there anything wrong?) or clause of condition (Is there anything I can do?)
65
Q

niets (3)

A
  • nothing (at the beginning); He did nothing/Nothing happened
  • not… anything; (negative sentence); He did not do anything.
  • hardly anything (bijna niks)
66
Q

geen

A
  • no;
  • not…any (negative sentence)
  • non of = geen van
  • neither of = refers to 2 people/things
  • not…either = geen van beide = negative sentence
  • not a + profession, religion, nationality (He is not a teacher) = singular
  • not + profession, nationalities etc = plural
  • hardly any/almost no= bijna geen
67
Q

beide (4)

A
  • both; various positions
  • both of;
  • either; when it doesn’t matter which of the 2
  • zowel..als= both… and…
68
Q

men

A
  • you= general statement= apply to everyone incl speaker (= speech/informal)
  • one; general statement= apply to everyone incl speaker (= formal) =>one’s = possessive pronoun
  • they= speaker excluded or special group with authority/government
  • people= speaker excluded= people in general
  • passive sentence = speaker excluded (An earthquake is expected)
69
Q

reflexive pronoun (4)

A

wederkerig voornaamwoord

  • zich voorstellen= introduce oneself
  • end on -self/-selves
  • itself refers to animals/things (the company blamed itself)
  • oneself= subject is ‘one’
70
Q

reflexive verb (2)

A

verb that needs a reflexive pronoun = infinitive + reflexive pronoun = introduce oneself
position:
- end of sentence; (I have seen this myself)
- immediately after word it emphasizes (The house itself is small)

71
Q

zich herstellen (translation)

A

to recover

72
Q

zich verontschuldigen (translation)

A

to apologize

73
Q

zich aanpassen (translation)

A

to adapt/adjust

74
Q

zich aansluiten (translation)

A

to join

75
Q

zich afvragen (translation)

A

to wonder

76
Q

zich abonneren op (translation)

A

to subscribe to

77
Q

zich (aan)kleden (translation)

A

to dress

78
Q

zich bemoeien met (translation)

A

to mind

79
Q

zich beklagen (translation)

A

to complain

80
Q

zich bewegen (translation)

A

to move

81
Q

zich bewust zijn van (translation)

A

to be aware of

82
Q

zich ergeren (translation)

A

to be annoyed

83
Q

zich concentreren (translation)

A

to concentrate

84
Q

zich gedragen (translation)

A

to behave

85
Q

zich haasten (translation)

A

to hurry

86
Q

zich herinneren (translation)

A

to remember

87
Q

zich herstellen (translation)

A

to recover

88
Q

zich inschrijven (translation)

A

to register/enrol

89
Q

zich melden bij (translation)

A

to report to

90
Q

zich omdraaien (translation)

A

to turn

91
Q

zich omkleden (translation)

A

to chance

92
Q

zich onthouden van (translation)

A

to refrain from/abstain

93
Q

zich uitbreiden (translation)

A

to expand

Grammar (6 decks)

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