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AQA A-Level Human Geography > P2 Section C (Population Change) > Flashcards

P2 Section C (Population Change) Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens as you move up the DTM in terms of the shape of population pyramid

A

As you move up the DTM, the shape of population pyramid will become more domed as birth rate decreases and death rate increases

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2
Q

How does gender preference impact a population pyramid

A

gender preference impacts a population pyramid by rather having a boy baby for economic reason such as needing a male to till the land and many families with procreate until they have a son and even female infanticide may occur

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3
Q

How does religion impact a population pyramid

A

religion impacts a population pyramid as in Muslim and catholic faiths, artificial birth control is opposed and in some African and Arabian societies, polygamy is prevalent allowing people to have more than one partner

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4
Q

What is a criticism of the DTM (migration)

A

A criticism of the DTM is that it doesn’t reference the impact of migration on population change such as that in USA from Italy and Ireland which have helped decrease USAs death rates

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5
Q

What is another criticism of the DTM (some, have)

A

another criticism of the DTM is that some countries such as Swaziland and Lesotho have high death rates but are showing economic progress

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6
Q

How much of the worlds population are migrants (%)

A

4% of the worlds population are migrants

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7
Q

Where did most people migrate to?

A

Most people migrated to developed nations like UK and USA

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8
Q

Where do most people migrate to now

A

Most people migrate to Mumbai and Lagos now

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9
Q

What are the push factors of migration

A

The push factors of migration are natural disasters, unaffordable property, desertification (unproductive land), mechanisation (fewer jobs) and politics

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10
Q

What are the pull factors of migration

A

The pull factors of migration are better jobs, better quality of life, and family in other country.

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11
Q

How does migration cause brain drain

A

Migration causes brain drain as skilled workers move out of the country to seek better jobs but may sent remittances back to family

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12
Q

How much of Cambodia’s skilled workers have been lost to brain drain

A

It is estimated 50% of Cambodia’s skilled workers have been lost to brain drain

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13
Q

How many modern slaves are estimated to be forced to do unpaid labour in the UK

A

10,000 modern slaves are estimated to be forced to do unpaid labour in the UK

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14
Q

What is overpopulation

A

Overpopulation is when the population is too large for the resources available which causes unemployment and out-migration

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15
Q

What is underpopulation

A

Underpopulation is when there are not enough people living in an area to utilise its resources efficiently so there is low unemployment and in-migration.

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16
Q

What is optimum population

A

Optimum population is where the resources available can be developed efficiently to satisfy the needs of the current population and provide the highest standard of living

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17
Q

What is the population of Japan

A

The population of Japan is 125 million in 2021

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18
Q

How is Japans population decreasing

A

Japans population is decreasing as death rates are exceeding birth rates and there is high cost of raising children and Japan is reluctant to accept immigrants

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19
Q

How will Japans ageing population pose issues

A

Japans ageing population will pose issues as there’ll be less tax revenues to pay for healthcare needs of elderly (as there is a lack of young people) and there’ll also be a labour shortage

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20
Q

How much of Japans population is over 65

A

Around 25% of Japans population is over 65

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21
Q

When is it predicted that Japans population will reach 96 million

A

In 2050 it is predicted that Japans population will reach 96 million

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22
Q

What is the carrying capacity of an area

A

The carrying capacity of an area is the largest population that the resources of a given environment can support

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23
Q

As societies become more westernised, what increases

A

As societies become more westernised, consumption rate increases

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24
Q

What is the ecological footprint

A

The ecological footprint is a measurement of the area of land needed to provide a society with the energy, food and other resources they consume

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25
Q

What is demographic dividend

A

Demographic dividend is the benefit a country gets when it’s working population outgrows it’s dependent population like children and elderly which will result in an economic boost

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26
Q

Why is there socioeconomic development due to demographic dividend

A

there is socioeconomic development due to demographic dividend as the workforce is young and large which attracts TNCs and workers will have fewer children so invest more in economy and there’ll be emancipation of women in the workforce as there’ll be less children

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27
Q

What is China’s one child policy

A

China’s one child policy is a law made in 1979 where a couple could only have one child

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28
Q

Why did China need a one-child policy

A

China needed a one child policy because they encouraged births to have a large military in the 70s after WW2 but the large population resulted in fear of mass starvation

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29
Q

What was the fine of not adhering to one child policy in china.

A

The fine of not adhering to one child policy in china was $370 - $12,800 and if it found to be ignored then livestock taken away or jobs stripped

30
Q

What were the positive impacts of chinas one child policy

A

the positive impacts of chinas one child policy was 10 per 1000 drop in birth rate, lower unemployment, lower infant mortality rate, less demand on social infrastructure and much lower rates of pollution

31
Q

What were the the negative impacts of chinas one child policy

A

The negative impacts of chinas one child policy were gender imbalance due to abortions of females babies and an increase in prostitution as there was stress on females to be brides

32
Q

How many abortions were female in 2000 China

A

90% of abortions were female in 2000 China

33
Q

When did chinas one child policy end

A

Chinas one child policy ended in 2015 when it was phased out and in 2021, couples could have up to 3 children

34
Q

What was a successful child policy to reduce birth rate and what did it do

A

A successful child policy to reduce birth rate was Bangladesh in 1970 which raised the minimum age of marriage to 18 for women and 21 for men to reduce fertility rate

35
Q

What were the positive impacts of Bangladesh’s child policy

A

the positive impacts of Bangladesh’s child policy were birth rate lowered from 6 to 2 per woman, thousands of female health workers trained, wealthier families with less children to support and healthier children due to more use of contraception

36
Q

What was the role of female health workers in Bangladesh’s child policy

A

the role of female health workers in Bangladesh’s child policy was to help find woman best suited methods of contraception and provide maternal and child care

37
Q

What were the negatives of Bangladesh’s child policy

A

the negatives of Bangladesh’s child policy were gender imbalance where 2.7 million women are considered missing as they weren’t born

38
Q

What’re the negative social impacts of migration

A

Negative Social impacts of migration are increased squalor, human trafficking and sexual exploitation

39
Q

What’re negative health impacts of migration

A

Negative health impacts of migration are death due to sea crossing - such as 900 deaths on one boat in 2015

40
Q

What’re political impacts of migration

A

Political impacts of migration are uprising of anti-migration movements such as in UK due to brexit closing borders

41
Q

Where does most migrants enter

A

Most migrants enter Western Europe - 60,500 illegal border crossings in 2020-2021

42
Q

What was the europe migration crisis

A

The europe migration crisis was a mass migration in 2014/2015 due to instability in Africa and and Middle East where 4 million people fled poor economies and conflict (half of which were from Syria)

43
Q

What were the impacts of Europe’s migrant crisis in 2014/2015

A

the impacts of Europe’s migrant crisis in 2014/2015 were 3700 deaths by end of 2015 and political disagreement as French watched as people boarded an inflatable boat to cross the English Channel

44
Q

What was implemented to ease migration in Europe

A

The Schengen Agreement was implemented to ease migration

45
Q

What was the Schengen Agreement

A

The Schengen Agreement was a political agreement between 26 countries since 1995 which enabled passport free movement across most of the EU bloc

46
Q

What caused a rethinking of the Schengen Agreement

A

The November 13 Paris attacks which killed 130 people caused a rethinking of the Schengen Agreement as the killers slipped easily from Belgium into Paris and even through Greece

47
Q

How was the Schengen Agreement changed

A

the Schengen Agreement was changed by checking details of all travellers against police databases

48
Q

Where is Easter island

A

Easter island is situated to the west of chile in the Pacific Ocean and is 3700km away from South America

49
Q

What is Easter island climate

A

Easter island climate is tropical as its equatorial but it doesn’t have a tropical biome

50
Q

How has population changed in Easter island

A

population has changed in Easter island by European settlers in 1700s brought diseases like tuberculosis which declined population from 15,000 to about 2/3,000

51
Q

What is population of Easter island now

A

Population of Easter island is around 8,600 60% of which are descendants of aboriginal natives

52
Q

Why did population decline in early years of Easter island

A

population declined in early years of Easter island as deforestation caused agriculture decline so less food and also less wood to use for sea vessels and so less fish food and less trees on the island meant sea spray could inundate soils

53
Q

What percentage of cataracts is due to overexposure to UV rays

A

20% of cataracts is due to overexposure to UV rays

54
Q

How did the ozone layer deplete

A

The ozone layer depleted by CFC production used for aerosols and fridges which thinned the ozone layer and caused a hole over Antarctica

55
Q

How is skin cancer caused

A

Skin cancer is caused by UV rays which damages DNA in skin

56
Q

How many deaths were there of skin cancer in 2012

A

There were 55,000 deaths of skin cancer in 2012

57
Q

Why was the Montreal protocol formed in 1987

A

The Montreal protocol was formed in 1987 to regulate the amount of ozone depleting substances made and consumed and transported and it was signed by all 193 UN member states

58
Q

What is an economic impact of migration in Australia

A

An economic impact of migration in Australia is that migrants add 16% to workforce participation and also will add 6% in GDP per capita growth by 2050

59
Q

What is Neo-Malthusian approach to population change

A

Neo-Malthusian approach to population change is a pessimistic view that resources are limited and population control via “checks” is needed to utilise resources efficiently

60
Q

What is evidence of Neo-Malthusian approach to population change

A

evidence of Neo-Malthusian approach to population change is regular famines that occur in Sudan and Ethiopia and wars over resources and water scarcity like in Middle East

61
Q

What does the Club of Rome’s Limits to Growth Model predict

A

Club of Rome’s Limits to Growth Model predicts population will grow until decline in 2050 and pollution will grow until decline in 2030 and food per capita will decline in the early 21st century

62
Q

What is Optimistic approach to population change

A

Optimistic approach to population change is by Boserup and says human ingenuity can allow carrying capacity to rise in line with population through innovation like technology

63
Q

What is evidence of optimistic approach to population change

A

evidence of optimistic approach to population change is development of GM crops and other biotechnology and also the green revolution in Mexico and Asia to overcome crisis of survival

64
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

Carrying capacity is the average population that can be support by a particular habitat

65
Q

What is population size limited by

A

population size is limited by space, food and water

66
Q

example of impact on food when carrying capacity is reached

A

an example of an impact on food when carrying capacity is 233 million undernourished people in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2014-2016

67
Q

example of impact on water when carrying capacity is reached

A

example of impact on water when carrying capacity is reached is most of USA, Asia and Oceania will be 40% in water stress

68
Q

an example of impact on energy when carrying capacity is reached

A

example of impact on energy when carrying capacity is reached is for 20% increase in population, energy consumption will increase by 44%

69
Q

Why is the Colorado river important

A

Colorado river is important as it provides drinking water for 36 million, produces 90% of USA winter vegetables and supports a $26 billion recreation economy

70
Q

Why was the Aral Sea important

A

the Aral Sea was important as it allowed for a thriving fishing and canning industry

71
Q

what are checks in the Neo-Malthusian approach to population change

A

checks in the Neo-Malthusian approach to population change are either to increase death rate (called positive checks) such as war and famine or to decrease birth rate (called preventative checks) such as contraception and moral restraint

AQA A-Level Human Geography (6 decks)

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