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AQA A-Level Human Geography > P2 Section C (Population and the Environment) > Flashcards

P2 Section C (Population and the Environment) Flashcards

1
Q

What was the population 200 years ago

A

The population 200 years ago was less than 1 billion.

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2
Q

How long did it take for global population to reach 1 billion

A

It took 2 million years for global population to reach 1 billion

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3
Q

What is the population of Asia

A

The population of Asia is 4.5 billion.

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4
Q

How much of the population lives in urban areas

A

83% of the population lives in urban areas

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5
Q

What was the GDP per capita of Niger in 2020

A

The GDP per capita of Niger in 2020 was $565.06

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6
Q

How much of Niger’s population was below the age of 15 in 2017

A

Half of Niger’s population were below the age of 15 in 2017

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7
Q

What percentage of Nigeriens live in poverty

A

80% of Nigeriens live in poverty.

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8
Q

What is the marital age of Niger

A

The marital age of Niger is 14

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9
Q

What is the population of Niger

A

The population of Niger is around 25 million

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10
Q

How much debt is Niger in (and how much of its GDP is it worth)

A

Niger is in $3 billion debt which is 37% of its GDP.

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11
Q

How much of Niger’s population work in agriculture

A

90% of Niger’s population work in agriculture

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12
Q

What is Niger’s terrain

A

Niger’s terrain is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes

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13
Q

How many countries landlock Niger

A

There are 7 countries that landlock Niger

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14
Q

What are 2 potential negative impacts of population growth

A

2 potential negative impacts of population growth are stress on healthcare system and more food and water insecurity

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15
Q

What are 2 potential positives impacts of population growth

A

2 potential positive impacts of population growth are increasing taxation for government investments and more people for jobs.

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16
Q

What is commercial farming

A

Commercial farming is monoculture or raising one livestock type with high investment into land (using machinery and agrochemicals etc) to maximise profits such as Wheelbirks.

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17
Q

What is monoculture

A

Monoculture is farming of one single crop

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18
Q

What is arable farming

A

Arable farming is the farming of cereal and root crops on flat land with very fertile soil so there’ll be high crop yield such as Potato farming for Tyrell’s Crisps.

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19
Q

What is pastoral farming

A

Pastoral farming is livestock rearing to produce meats, cheese, milk and butter such as Nomads in Argentina producing beef

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20
Q

What is mixed farming

A

Mixed farming is the production of both livestock and arable crops with additional diversification into farm shops and leisure activities such as Bockbushes Farm, Northumberland.

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21
Q

What is subsistence farming

A

Subsistence farming is production of food to feed the family or community, with any excess sold or bartered - both arable and pastoral farming can be subsistent.

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22
Q

What is intensive farming

A

Intensive farming is high labour and high yield production farming such as horticulture in Netherlands

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23
Q

What is extensive farming

A

Okay extensive farming is low labour and low yield production such as hill sheep in Yorkshire Dales

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24
Q

5 factors affecting agriculture

A

5 factors affecting agriculture are temperature, precipitation, wind/storm frequency, soil quality and altitude

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25
Q

What is the main type of farming

A

the main type of farming is rice cultivation

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26
Q

How does India do rice cultivation

A

India does rice cultivation by waiting until monsoon season and let rain transplant rice seeds in flooded fields and it is a form of labour intensive work with oxen and simple tools

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27
Q

Where is rice grown

A

Rice is grown in terraces cut into slopes of hilly areas but population pressure is causing rice farming to be done where soil is less suitable

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28
Q

How is climate change impacting agriculture (yields, developing, expected, %, than, due)

A

climate change is impacting agriculture as yields of main cereals in developing countries are expected to be 10% lower in 2050 than they would’ve been without climate change due to higher temperatures, flooding, pests and diseases

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29
Q

Where will climate change most impact on agriculture

A

climate change will most impact on agriculture in poor tropical countries in South Asia and Africa due to decreased food supplies and higher prices

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30
Q

What is the impact of soil erosion

A

The impact of soil erosion is that the fertility of the remaning soils is reduced

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31
Q

What causes soil erosion

A

Soil erosion is caused by removal of vegetation so soil becomes exposed to wind and rain and ploughing land at right-angles to the direction of the slope

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32
Q

What is water logging

A

Water logging is when all the pore spaces in a plants root zone are saturated due to high water table so plants are starved of oxygen

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33
Q

What is salinisation

A

Salinisation is when potential evapotranspiration is greater than the precipitation and water containing salts is drawn upwards and the plants can’t tolerate saline conditions so die

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34
Q

What is structural deterioration

A

Structural deterioration is when the basic structure of soils is damaged by human activity such as compaction from heavy machinery or animals or the over-cultivation of soils by growing the same crop in the same field every year (mono-cropping)

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35
Q

How is degraded soil managed

A

Degraded soil is managed by crop rotation (allowing soils to replenish nutrients), using hedgerows to reduce wind erosion and mulching (to increase the organic content of the soil)

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36
Q

How does fertiliser improve soil degradation

A

fertiliser improves soil degradation as it increases nutrient content in the form of nitrogen and potassium or manure

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37
Q

How does afforestation improve soil degradation

A

afforestation improves soil degradation as it helps stabilise soils with their roots and also leaf litter returns organic matter

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38
Q

What is food security

A

Food security is when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life

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39
Q

How has the green revolution improved food security (producing, using)

A

The green revolution has improved food security by producing high crop yields by using irrigation, fertilisers, pesticides and mechanisation

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40
Q

Where has the green revolution been most successful

A

the green revolution has been most successful in Asia where 9/10ths of all wheat and 2/3rds of all rice is produced using high yield variants

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41
Q

What is a disadvantage of the green revolution

A

A disadvantage of the green revolution is that fertilisers and pesticides are expensive leading some farmers into debt also mechanisation has led to rural unemployment and rural-urban migration.

42
Q

How are genetically modified crops used to improve food security

A

genetically modified crops are used to improve food security by taking gene of desirable species and adding it to the DNA of another so it has some of the same characteristics and so are easier to grow

43
Q

What are advantage of genetically modified crops

A

An advantage of genetically modified crops is that farmers can make pest-resistant crops and so can use less crop spray which helps the environment

44
Q

What is are disadvantages of genetically modified crops

A

disadvantages of genetically modified crops is that plants could pollinate weeds making them acquire pesticide resistance

45
Q

How is appropriate technology used to improve food security

A

appropriate technology is used to improve food security by giving poorer communities their own tools to make them self-sufficient

46
Q

How is cloning used to improve food security

A

cloning is used to improve food security by making identical reproductions of an entire crop of healthy and prosperous plants

47
Q

How is land reform used to improve food security

A

Land reform is used to improve food security by giving land ownership to smaller resident farmers who will invest and make it more productive

48
Q

What are all the factors which decide soil quality

A

All the factors which decide soil quality are depth, texture, structure, mineral content, pH, aeration, capacity to retain water and vulnerability to leaching

49
Q

How does temperature effect agriculture

A

Temperature effects agriculture by dictating the length of growing season, like in the UK where a period longer than 3 months with temperatures of above 6 degrees is required for growing season

50
Q

How does precipitation effect agriculture

A

Precipitation effects agriculture by determining water supply but seasonal distribution of rain rather than just one annual total is favoured

51
Q

How does wind effect agriculture

A

Wind effects agriculture since in the North American prairies, warm winds melt snow increasing the length of growing season

52
Q

How does altitude effect agriculture

A

Altitude effects agriculture as in the Uk, the upper limit of hay and potatoes is 300 metres

53
Q

Why is there zoned land in the alps

A

There is zoned land in the alps so higher altitudes are labelled as unsuitable for agricultural land since altitude is too high to produce crops

54
Q

How does angle of slope effect agriculture

A

angle of slope effects agriculture as south facing slopes receive more sunlight so are warmer and drier

55
Q

What are inputs in agriculture

A

Inputs in agriculture are rainfall, human labour, seeds and machinery

56
Q

What are processes in agriculture

A

Processes in agriculture are growing of crops, seasonal patterns, daily routines of farmers and rearing of livestock

57
Q

What are outputs of agriculture

A

Outputs of agriculture are crops and livestock and livestock products

58
Q

What are feedbacks of agriculture

A

Feedbacks of agriculture are profit for reinvestment, manure to fertilise and hay for fodder

59
Q

How much of India’s population rely on monsoons for agriculture

A

70 % of India’s population rely on monsoons for agriculture

60
Q

How are monsoons caused

A

Monsoons are caused by hot air on land drawing in cool air from the sea very quickly, so big gusts of wind

61
Q

How does India have monsoons

A

India has monsoons as they have long coastlines so more wind pulled in from sea

62
Q

How does India make use of rice waste

A

India makes use of rice waste by using it as kindling for fire, fodder for animals and making hats and baskets out of the crop

63
Q

By how much has arable crop land increased from 1600 to 2016

A

areal crop land has increased by 140 million hectares from 1600 to 2016

64
Q

How does Jamalpur in Bangladesh make use of their rice fields

A

Jamalpur in Bangladesh make use of their rice fields by keeping fish in flooded rice paddies to provide fertiliser and eat pests and provide a source of food

65
Q

By how much does keeping fish in rice fields increase yields

A

keeping fish in rice fields increases yields by 10%

66
Q

What are zonal soils

A

Zonal soils are soils which form along broad zones of the earth and conform to climate and natural vegetation and are mature and in equilibrium with environmental conditions

67
Q

What is tropical red latosol soil

A

tropical red latosol soil is a zonal soil found in the tropical rainforest biome and is inherently infertile

68
Q

What is podzol soil

A

Podzol soil is a zonal soil found in the taiga biome of northern regions with a distinctive layer of iron and a clear differentiation of layers compared to tropical red latosol

69
Q

How does podsol help the UK economy

A

Podsol helps the UK economy as it is where heather grows in moorland which grouse feed on. Grouse shooting employs 2500 in UK and generates £150 million annually

70
Q

How many hectares of greenhouses are in Almeria

A

There are 40,000 hectares of greenhouses in almeria

71
Q

How many tonnes of food does almeria greenhouses produce a year

A

almeria greenhouses produce 2.7 million tonnes of food a year

72
Q

How much economic activity does almeria greenhouses create a year

A

almeria greenhouses create over $1.5 billion in economic activity a year

73
Q

How does almeria farm crops

A

Almeria farms crops my hydroponics without the use of soil

74
Q

Why did almeria agriculture develop

A

almeria agriculture developed due to changes in diet so more fruit and vegetable demand, faster and cheaper transport of goods and cheap labour from immigrant workers

75
Q

What are social negatives of almeria

A

Social negatives of almeria are conflict between immigrants from different countries and the fact immigrant work illegally they have no control over working conditions

76
Q

What are environmental negatives of almeria

A

environmental negatives of almeria are plastic being dumped in the oceans from greenhouses and use of pesticides contaminating water and foods

77
Q

What type of farming is organic farming

A

Organic farming is permaculture

78
Q

How is organic farming increasing food supply sustainably

A

organic farming is increasing food supply sustainably by using natural fertilisers like manure and using biological pest control and using crop rotation to break cycles of pest breeding

79
Q

What is negatives of organic farming

A

Negatives of Organic farming are lower yields, labour intensive and more expensive

80
Q

What is is urban farming

A

Urban farming is making use of spaces for allotments and gardens in cities to produce crops

81
Q

How is urban farming increasing food supply sustainably

A

Urban farming is increasing food supply sustainably by reducing food miles and reducing spaces of storage since its small scale

82
Q

How does the SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD COALITION increase food supply sustainably

A

The SUSTAINABLE SEAFOOD COALITION increases food supply sustainably by catching fewer fish so there is enough fish to repopulate and using better net designs to avoid bycatches of unwanted fish

83
Q

How is seasonal food production increasing food supply sustainably

A

seasonal food production is increasing food supply sustainably by only eating food in season therefore lowering food miles and

84
Q

How is reducing food waste and losses increasing food supply sustainably

A

reducing food waste and losses is increasing food supply sustainably by encouraging people to only purchase what is needed and supermarkets aim to halve food waste by 2030

85
Q

What is the global food security index (GFSI)

A

The global food security index (GFSI) is a measure of food availability, affordability, quality and safety.

86
Q

What places measure high on the GFSI

A

places that measure high on the GFSI are USA, UK, Finland and much of Western Europe

87
Q

What places measure low on GFSI

A

The places that measure low on GFSI are Yemen, Madagascar, Niger and much of subsaharan Africa

88
Q

What are pros of hydroponics

A

pros of hydroponics are it needs 20% less space and can produce up to 10x more yield than any other agricultural convention in the same space

89
Q

How much will food demand increase by 2050

A

Food demand will increase by 70-100% by 2050

90
Q

What are cons of the green revolution

A

Cons of the green revolution are that there is less jobs as more machinery is used and also patented varieties can lead to increase in seed price

91
Q

What are pros of green revolution

A

Pros of green revolution are that there is less labour and faster planting and harvesting as a result of more machinery use

92
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of food security

A

The 4 dimensions of food security are physical availability of food, economic and physical access of food , food utilisation and stability of dimensions.

93
Q

Why’re dwarf plants good as part of the new green revolution

A

dwarf plants are good as part of the new green revolution as they’re small so need less water and nutrients and are less affected by wind and they’re durable and pest-resistant

94
Q

How much of the worlds arable land is used for GM crops

A

13% of the worlds arable land is used for GM crops

95
Q

How many farmer were using GM crops in 2014

A

In 2014, 18 million farmers were using GM crops across 28 countries

96
Q

what is ADAPTING AGRICULTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE project

A

ADAPTING AGRICULTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE project is a project collecting seeds whose genetic diversity can be used to breed new crops better suited for future climates and other threats

97
Q

What is food security

A

Food security is when a country’s population has enough affordable and nutritious food to eat

98
Q

What is undernutrition

A

Undernutrition is when not enough food has been consumed so weight loss occurs

99
Q

How much of all food produced is wasted

A

1/3rd of all food produced is wasted

100
Q

How many LICs lack sufficient farmland and technology to be self-sufficient and are too poor to import

A

Over half of LICs lack sufficient farmland and technology to be self-sufficient and are too poor to import

AQA A-Level Human Geography (6 decks)

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