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AQA A-Level Human Geography > P2 Section A (TNCs And Global Commons ) > Flashcards

P2 Section A (TNCs And Global Commons ) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a TNC

A

TNC is a company that operates across multiple countries

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2
Q

What does the spatial division of labour show

A

Spatial division of labour shows TNC HQ and research and development is usually in HICs with skilled professional and manufacturing is in LICs with low labour costs

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3
Q

What is global supply chain

A

Global supply chain is where production occurs globally and HQ and quaternary sectors are in HICs

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4
Q

What is vertical integration.

A

Vertical integration is when a company takes ownership of part of the supply chain like buying a plantation

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5
Q

What is horizontal integration

A

Horizontal integration is when a company takes ownership of another company

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6
Q

What is the multiplier effect

A

Multiplier effect is when initial capital investment in an economy creates income, like increasing employment, which increases wages, which increases spending and then tax revenue

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7
Q

Where is Apple’s EU HQ based

A

Apple’s EU HQ is based in Cork, Ireland

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8
Q

Where is Apple’s outsourcing of parts

A

Apple’s outsourcing of parts is in Foxxcon City in China

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9
Q

What happened to Apple in 2014

A

In 2014, Apple was ordered to pay €13 billion to Ireland as they’d breached standardised corporate tax practices.

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10
Q

How many people work for Apple in Cork

A

6000 people work for Apple in Cork which are mainly immigrants in high-skilled jobs

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11
Q

How much of Apple’s Irish workforce in Cork work in production line

A

60% of Apple’s Irish workforce in Cork work in production line (low-skilled job)

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12
Q

What is Ireland’s corporate tax

A

Ireland’s corporate tax is 12.5%, 2nd lowest in Europe

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13
Q

What were the conditions in Apple’s shenzen factory found to be like in 2006

A

the conditions in Apple’s shenzen factory were found in 2006 to be very bad with 200,000 workers regularly working 60 hours a week for around $100 a month in sweatshop conditions

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14
Q

How many suicides occurred in Apple’s shenzen factory in 2010

A

14 suicides occurred in Apple’s shenzen factory in 2010

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15
Q

How does Apple pose environmental threats

A

Apple poses environmental threats as it relies on non-renewables to supply electricity to its data centres and also uses toxic chemicals like PVC in manufacturing and factories in China have been found to discharge pollutants in water supplies which threatens public health

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16
Q

How much revenue did Apple make in 2020

A

Apple made $274 billion revenue in 2020

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17
Q

What is economic leakage

A

Economic leakage is where profits from a TNC are sent abroad (like back to origin country)

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18
Q

How are bananas grown by TNCs

A

Bananas are grown by TNCs in Ecuador and Colombia with vertical integration as they own plantations and have ripening and distribution facilities in consuming countries

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19
Q

Where are the main importers of bananas

A

The main importers of bananas are USA and EU

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20
Q

Where are the main consumers of bananas

A

Main consumers of bananas are in domestic markets like Brazil, India and the Philippines

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21
Q

Where are main exporters of bananas

A

Main exporters of bananas are Latin America and Caribbean with 80% of exports

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22
Q

How much money gets back to producer after consumption

A

Around 10% of cost paid by consumers will get sent back to producer as it will stay in HIC where most of the profits are kept by the retailer

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23
Q

How is Cambodia experiencing brain drain

A

Cambodia is experiencing brain drain as 7.6% of its population in 2016 emigrated and between 2018 and 2021, there was a 11.4% increase in remittances

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24
Q

What is global governance

A

Global governance is the ways in which global affairs affecting the whole world are managed by multiple nations

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25
Q

How has globalisation changed global governance

A

Globalisation has changed Global governance as increasing economic integration means TNCs are gaining more power to control resources, so global governance acts to regulate this

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26
Q

What is the aim of global governance

A

Aim of global governance is to regulate power of TNCs and manage the challenges of concerns like climate change, energy provision and trade.

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27
Q

What are issues with global governance

A

Issues with global governance are that countries may interpret laws differently, lower income countries will have less influence and also some argue global governance doesn’t address all serious issues like food security and water security

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28
Q

What are global institutions

A

Global institutions are groups who oversee the maintenance of global systems and represent all nations and protect them

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29
Q

What does the UN do

A

The UN enforces international laws and policies to maintain world peace

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30
Q

How has UN been successful

A

UN has been successful as there’s been no world wars since it’s setup in 1945, and over 170 UN settlements have ended regional conflicts

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31
Q

What are issues with the UN

A

Issues with the UN are that some powerful military states ignore UN Security Council mandates like China and North Korea and also there is unequal influence as China, Russia, France, UK and USA all have permanent membership of security council so have leadership role in solving conflict

32
Q

What does WTO do

A

WTO reduces global injustice and inequalities through trade liberalisation and it removes protectionist policies used by some governments

33
Q

What does WHO do

A

WHO aims to eradicate and combat global disease

34
Q

How has WHO been successful

A

WHO has been successful as they’ve reduced global mortality rates, eradicated smallpox in 1976 and nearly eradicated polio through global vaccination programmes

35
Q

What are issues with WHO (delayed)

A

Issues with WHO are that in 2014 they offered delayed guidance on how to contain Ebola virus in West Africa and also they were unable to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDs across Africa

36
Q

What does UNDP do

A

UNDP aims to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities and exclusion

37
Q

How has UNDP been successful

A

UNDP has been successful in operating in 170 countries to meet the millennium development goals in 2000 and then 17 sustainable development goals after

38
Q

What are issues with UNDP

A

Issues with UNDP are that although progress was made in most areas of the millennium development goal, very few targets were actually met

39
Q

What are NGOs

A

NGOs are non-governmental organisations which encourage democratic decision making, protecting humans rights and the environment and reducing poverty

40
Q

What are issues with NGOs

A

Issues with NGOs are that they rely on donations and membership subscriptions, so lack of funding often limits the scale of improvements they can make

41
Q

What did NGOs do in 2013

A

In 2013, NGOs worked with UNI global union to create legally binding Bangladesh accord on fire and safety to protect working conditions in garment factories following the collapse of 8 storey Primark building in Dhaka. 200 companies signed it

42
Q

What was Rio Earth Summit

A

Rio Earth Summit was meeting to create Agenda 21 to develop strategies for sustainable development

43
Q

Why was rio earth summit unsuccessful

A

rio earth summit was unsuccessful as there was opposing religious groups who are against population control (even though it’s advised for sustainability) and also not all countries signed up and the goals were not mandatory

44
Q

How many members does UN have

A

UN has 193 members

45
Q

How has UN exacerbated injustice in DR of Congo

A

UN exacerbated injustice in DR of Congo by failing to provide peacekeeping forces in Mavivi during an attack which killed 30 people

46
Q

How has UN exacerbated injustice in Bangladesh

A

UN exacerbated injustice in Bangladesh as they failed to prevent the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide

47
Q

What are sustainable development goals

A

sustainable development goals are set of 17 goals made by UN to transform the world between 2015 and 2030

48
Q

How have sustainable development goals been successful

A

sustainable development goals have been successful as every goal is above 40% achieved according to a UN tracker

49
Q

How have sustainable development goals been unsuccessful

A

sustainable development goals have been unsuccessful as energy-related CO2 emissions increased 6% in 2021 (the highest ever increase), 17 million metric tonnes of plastic entered ocean in 2021 and this is projected to double or triple by 2040 and also working poverty rate increased for first time in 2 decades when it rose in 2019 and 2020

50
Q

What are global commons

A

Global commons are parts of the world which belong to no one

51
Q

What are the four global commons

A

Four global commons are international waters, the atmosphere, outer space and Antarctica

52
Q

What is the exclusive economic zone

A

exclusive economic zone are areas inside a coastal nation

53
Q

Why are global commons beneficial to humanity

A

global commons are beneficial to humanity as they provide untouched environments for research and wildlife growth

54
Q

What is the idea of the tragedy of the commons

A

The idea of the tragedy of the commons is that the commons are vulnerable to exploitation for their rich resources and countries will face fewer consequences since they own the commons together

55
Q

What is in place to protect the oceans

A

United Nations convention on the law of the sea is a treaty to protect the oceans by managing activities and its use

56
Q

How do exclusive economic zones help protect the oceans

A

exclusive economic zones help protect the oceans by allowing countries to use 200 nautical miles of their coastal territory to explore and use resources

57
Q

What is in place to protect the atmosphere

A

Montréal protocol is in place to protect the atmosphere by regulating ozone-depleting substances like hydrofluorocarbons which damage ozone layer

58
Q

What is in place to protect outer space

A

Committee on the peaceful uses of outer space is in place to protect outer space by governing exploration and use of space for the benefit of all humanity

59
Q

How much of earths surface water does Antarctica hold

A

Antarctica holds 90% of earths surface water

60
Q

What natural resources does Antarctica have

A

Antarctica has natural resources like marine life, oil in the southern ocean and iron ore deposits in the transAntarctic mountains

61
Q

Why is Antarctica vulnerable

A

Antarctica is vulnerable as it is a common in a time of demand in resources like fossil fuels minerals and fish and also climate change can alter extreme fragile environment

62
Q

How does climate change effect Antarctica

A

climate change effects Antarctica as melting ice sheets will cause sea level rise which increases flooding, co2 released in ice sheets enhances global warming and also lessened albedo effect due to less white ice sheets which increases absorption of solar radiation in oceans

63
Q

How does fishing and whaling effect Antarctica

A

fishing and whaling effects Antarctica as the overfishing of krill damages whaling populations, destructs habitats and also unregulated fishing is unsustainable

64
Q

How does mineral and resource exploitation effect Antarctica

A

mineral and resource exploitation effects Antarctica not at all since it’s banned, but it’s possible and can pose issues like destroying habitats through oil spills and building infrastructure like drilling and pipelines and quarrying and mining

65
Q

How does tourism and scientific research effect Antarctica

A

tourism and scientific research effects Antarctica by fuel emissions and cruise ship crashes such as MS Explorer crash in 2007 which disrupted penguin breeding ground with a mile long diesel spill and previous use of huskies for travel threatened seals with infection but this was banned

66
Q

What is international whaling commission

A

IWC is an enforcer of regulations over whaling in the southern ocean to 89 members states and they set catch limits, study whaling and provide funds for research and conservation

67
Q

How has IWC been successful

A

IWC has been successful in the whaling moratorium of 1982 which banned commercial whaling until further notice and saved several whole species from extinction but Norway and Iceland have agreements with IWC to still commercially whale

68
Q

How has IWC been unsuccessful

A

IWC has been unsuccessful as there are loopholes in revaluations like Japan commercially whaling under the purpose of “scientific research” but they have now left

69
Q

When was the Antarctic treaty signed

A

Antarctic treaty was signed 1959

70
Q

What is the Antarctic treaty

A

the Antarctic treaty is an agreement of 53 countries that Antarctica should only be used for peaceful means and all research must be shared and all nuclear activity is banned

71
Q

What are issues with the Antarctic treaty

A

issues with the Antarctic treaty are that it’s not mandatory and inspections don’t occur often

72
Q

What is the Madrid protocol

A

Madrid protocol is an extension to the Antarctic treaty and is signed by 45 nations to ban all mineral resources, monitor to minimise human impacts and reduce any interference with natural environment

73
Q

What are issues with Madrid protocol

A

Issues with Madrid protocol are that it expires in 2048 so all nations will be free from its restrictions

74
Q

What is Antarctic and southern ocean coalition (ASOC)

A

Antarctic and southern ocean coalition (ASOC) is an NGO formed in 1978 to protect the environment of Antarctica and monitor and extend marine protected areas

75
Q

How are NGOs involved in Antarctica

A

NGOs are involved in Antarctica like WWF and Greenpeace to enhance protection through monitoring reliability and validity of governmental data on the continent, report on issues to spread awareness and donate and also create campaigns and petitions for change like Greenpeace’s “protect the Antarctic”

AQA A-Level Human Geography (6 decks)

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