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AQA A-Level Human Geography > P2 Section C (Health) > Flashcards

P2 Section C (Health) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mortality

A

Mortality means death

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2
Q

What is morbidity

A

Morbidity means illness such as disease, disability or condition of poor health

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3
Q

How is morbidity measured

A

Morbidity is measured by disability-adjusted life year (DALY) which is disease burden (or the number of years lost due to ill health)

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4
Q

By how much has child mortality rate of under 5s declined between 1990 and 2016

A

child mortality rate of under 5s has declined by almost 60% between 1990 and 2016

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5
Q

Where does most morbidity come from

A

most morbidity comes from non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancers and diabetes

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6
Q

What does the epidemiological transition model show

A

The epidemiological transition model shows the relationship between mortality/morbidity and socio-economic development, stating societies go through 4 ages of health

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7
Q

What is the 1st age of health according to the epidemiological transition model

A

the first age of health according to the epidemiological transition model is an age of pestilence and famine where mortality is high and main causes of death are infectious diseases reinforced by nutritional deficiencies

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8
Q

What is the 2nd age of health according to the epidemiological transition model

A

the second age of health according to the epidemiological transition model is an age of receding pandemics where there are advances in socio-economic development and healthcare so infectious diseases are reduced and life expectancy increases

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9
Q

What is the 3rd age of health according to the epidemiological transition model

A

the 3rd age of health according to the epidemiological transition model is an age of degenerative diseases where infectious diseases are controlled so people live longer and there is an increased visibility of degenerative diseases like cancer and diabetes due to modernisation and industrialisation

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10
Q

What is the 4th age of health according to the epidemiological transition model

A

the 4th age of health according to the epidemiological transition model is an age of delayed degenerative diseases where the causes of death are mainly the same as the 3rd age but dementia is more prevalent and they occur in later life as life expectancy increases

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11
Q

What moves society through the epidemiological transition model

A

Socio-economic development moves society through the epidemiological transition model

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12
Q

What illnesses does poor air quality cause

A

poor air quality causes stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and respiratory diseases

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13
Q

How many premature deaths did air pollution cause in 2016

A

Air pollution caused around 4 million premature deaths in 2016, 88% of which in low and middle income countries

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14
Q

How many people lack access to clean drinking water

A

Almost 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water

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15
Q

How many deaths are attributed to to unsafe water and poor hygiene, what mainly from

A

2 million deaths are attributed to to unsafe water and poor hygiene, mainly from diarrhoeal diseases

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16
Q

In 2016, how many cases of malaria occurred

A

In 2016, 200 million cases of malaria occurred

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17
Q

How many deaths did malaria lead to in 2016

A

Malaria led to over 600,000 deaths in 2016

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18
Q

Who accounts for most malaria deaths (percentage)

A

Children aged under 5 account for 80% of malaria deaths

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19
Q

Where does malaria most commonly occur

A

malaria most commonly occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas such as rain forests and savanna grasslands which receive a lot of rain per year

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20
Q

Where do most malaria deaths occur (percentage)

A

90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa

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21
Q

What socio-economic factors increase the chance of getting Malaria

A

The socio-economic factors that increase the chance of getting Malaria are densely clustered housing, unsanitary conditions, jobs in agriculture and being less well-educated

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22
Q

What does malaria cause in children

A

Malaria causes anaemia in children which causes limited growth and development

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23
Q

How does malaria effect personal economy

A

malaria effects personal economy as people need to buy mosquito nets, doctor fees, drugs and pay for transport to health facilities

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24
Q

How much of public health expenditure is estimated to be spent on malaria

A

40% of public health expenditure is estimated to be spent on malaria

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25
Q

What things are being done to mitigate and manage malaria

A

Thing being done to mitigate and manage malaria are chemo prevention and treating pregnant women first to reduce child deaths

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26
Q

How many people are projected to have type 2 diabetes in 2035

A

600 million people are projected to have type 2 diabetes in 2035, which is 200 million more than 2015

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27
Q

Where do most people have type 2 diabetes

A

most people have type 2 diabetes in emerging economies such as India and China

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28
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes is caused by high fat and salt diets and lack of physical exercise

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29
Q

Why do emerging economies have most type 2 diabetes

A

emerging economies have most type 2 diabetes because they are rapidly urbanising leading to a more sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity

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30
Q

How is type 2 diabetes being managed in Sri Lanka

A

type 2 diabetes is being managed in Sri Lanka by increasing medical coverage and the activities of the diabetes association where they have opened a walk-in centre in the capital where individuals can be screened and take part in structured health programmes at a small cost

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31
Q

What does WHO do

A

WHO provides information on vaccines, cancer research, nutrition, drug addiction and nuclear radiation hazards

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32
Q

What is Medecins Sans Frontieres and what did they do in 2014

A

Medecins Sans Frontieres is a worldwide movement which works in over 60 countries monitoring epidemics and providing emergency response, in 2014 they treated 47,000 people in 16 cholera outbreaks

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33
Q

What is the demographic transition model

A

the demographic transition model is a model showing population change over time split into 5 stages

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34
Q

What is the DTM stage 1

A

The DTM stage 1 is a period of high birth rates and high death rates which both fluctuate and population growth is small

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35
Q

What is the DTM stage 2

A

the DTM stage 2 a period of high birth rates but falling death rate and the population begins to expand rapidly

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36
Q

What is the DTM stage 3

A

the DTM stage 3 is a period of falling birth rate and continuing falling death rates and population continues to grow but at a slower rate

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37
Q

What is the DTM stage 4

A

the DTM stage 4 is a period of low birth rates and death rates which fluctuate and population growth is small

38
Q

What is the DTM stage 5

A

the DTM stage 5 is a later period when death rates slightly exceed birth rate causing population to decline

39
Q

How does culture affect fertility

A

culture affects fertility as some demand high rates of reproduction and the opinion of women has little influence against cultural expectations

40
Q

How does economy affect fertility

A

Economy affects fertility as commonly developing countries view children as an economic asset as they can help with farming but in developed countries the cost of the child is often a reason to not have children

41
Q

What factors increase mortality rate

A

Factors that increase mortality rate are poverty, poor sanitation, poor nutrition and lack of clean water

42
Q

What was the difference in life expectancy of top 10% of affluent areas in England compared to bottom 10% in 2017-19

A

The difference in life expectancy of top 10% of affluent areas in England vs bottom 10% in 2017-19 was almost 10 years

43
Q

What is the effect of radon gas from granite geology in the British Isles

A

The effect of radon gas from granite geology in the British Isles is there’s an increase in likelihood of lung cancer and also areas where radon is prevalent are the most deprived and most unhealthiest - such as the north east of England and west Cumbria

44
Q

How’re developed nations trying to counter unhealthy eating

A

developed nations are trying to counter unhealthy eating by introducing sugar tax to increase price of sugary foods

45
Q

How’re undeveloped nations more prone to increased mortality and morbidity

A

undeveloped nations are more prone to increased mortality and morbidity as they have worse sanitation so more spread of infectious diseases and also more workers in agriculture who’ll develop joint pain and lower back pain

46
Q

How much higher is Glaswegian death rate than rest of the UK

A

Glaswegian death rate is 30% higher than the rest of the UK

47
Q

What percentage of deaths in Glasgow are attributed to drugs, alcohol, suicide and violence

A

60% of deaths in Glasgow attributed to drugs, alcohol, suicide and violence

48
Q

What is to blame for Glasgow’s higher death rate

A

To blame for Glasgow’s higher death rate is the deindustrialising of the city which led to a lack of community and even lack of collective responsibility for health

49
Q

Who are most at risk of indoor air pollution

A

Women and children are lost at of indoor air pollution as they spend most time around fuelwood-burning environments such as the kitchen

50
Q

How has Safety Water Plans helped lower health problems related to water quality

A

Safety Water Plans have helped lower health problems related to water quality by introducing better education and awareness to reduce faecal contamination and disinfecting supplies with chlorine

51
Q

What type of disease is malaria

A

Malaria is a biologically transmitted, non-communicable, vector-borne disease

52
Q

Where do most malaria cases occur and what percentage in 2020

A

Most malaria cases occur in the WHO African Region (around 95% of cases in 2020)

53
Q

What percent of deaths were in children under 5 in the WHO African Region

A

The percent of deaths in children under 5 in the WHO African Region was 80%

54
Q

How many people live in areas at risk of malaria worldwide

A

3.4 billion people live in areas at risk of malaria worldwide

55
Q

What are the best conditions of malaria spread

A

the best conditions of malaria spread are altitudes below 1,500m, temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius, rainfall above 1,000mm, humid weather and nearby stagnant water

56
Q

Why can’t malaria transmit in high altitudes

A

Malaria can transmit in high altitudes as the air density is to low

57
Q

How does poverty affect malaria transmission

A

Poverty affects malaria transmission as 58% of global burden due to malaria is based in the poorest 20% of the population since there’s lack of investment in developing new drugs and vaccines

58
Q

How does housing affect malaria transmission

A

Housing affects malaria transmission as in LICs there’s more overcrowding, poor house structure with poorly fitted windows and made from mud and bamboo and mostly located near rivers for access to water which all increases risk of malaria

59
Q

How does sanitation affect malaria transmission

A

Sanitation affects malaria transmission as studies of malaria hotspots in Chennai found that (although house were clean) the outsides are polluted by waste flows, litter, open defecation and spitting so mosquitos are still attracted

60
Q

How does rural vs urban population affect malaria transmission

A

Rural vs urban population affects malaria transmission as in the Okavango Delta of Botswana, there are large expanses of standing water but little malaria cases as there is low human density since people don’t live in crowded homes

61
Q

How does ethnicity affect malaria transmission

A

Ethnicity affects malaria transmission as different cultures have different attitudes toward health and education like some tribes who believe in natural medicines

62
Q

How does age and gender affect malaria transmission

A

Age and gender affects malaria transmission as children under 5 are more likely to suffer but studies in Gambia and Tanzania have shown burden is shifting to older children since the younger ones have been made aware by education and provision of nets

63
Q

What are the direct costs of malaria globally per year

A

the direct costs of malaria globally are 12 billion dollars per year

64
Q

What is the primary Malaria prevention strategy

A

The primary Malaria prevention strategy is LLINs (long lasting insecticidal nets)

65
Q

How do people wrongly repurpose LLINs

A

people wrongly repurpose LLINs by using them as football nets, fishing nets, fences, for curtains, for washing sponges and for chicken coops

66
Q

How does research show misuse of LLINs is uncommon

A

research shows misuse of LLINs is uncommon by finding in Sierra Leone, only 5% of households self-reported using LLINs for anything else other than protection against mosquitos

67
Q

How much did malaria cases and deaths decline by in 2000-2015

A

malaria cases declined by 18% from 2000-2015 and malaria deaths declined by 48% from 2000-2015

68
Q

What malarial vaccine was approved in 2021

A

The malarial vaccine that was approved in 2021 was RTS,S,

69
Q

How many doses of RTS,S, have been given in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi since 2021

A

2.3 million doses of RTS,S, have been given in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi since 2021

70
Q

What are challenges faced with malarial prevention strategies like LLINs and vaccines

A

challenges faced with malarial prevention strategies like LLINs and vaccines are misuse of LLINs and also resistance to vaccines and drugs such as Artemisinin in SE Asia

71
Q

What is a pro of malarial RTS,S, vaccines

A

A pro of malarial vaccines is that more than 2/3rds of children in Kenya, Ghana and Malawi who don’t sleep under bednets, are benefiting from RTS,S, vaccine

72
Q

What is the President’s Malaria Initiative

A

The President’s Malaria Initiative is a management strategy supporting 24 sub-Saharan African countries by providing insecticide-treated bednets, indoor residual spray and essential medicines

73
Q

What were the positive effects of the Presidents Malaria Initiative

A

the positive effects of the Presidents Malaria Initiative were that child mortality fell by 43% in the PMI-supported regions and 48 million pregnant women were provided with preventive treatment

74
Q

What are the physical causes of CHD

A

The physical causes of CHD are climate and the physical environment

75
Q

How does climate cause CHD

A

Climate causes CHD as CHD mortality rates are higher in areas with colder average temperatures and less sunlight

76
Q

How does physical environment impact CHD

A

Physical environment impacts CHD as in places like Japan with high fish diet, there’s less CHD and in areas with challenging relief; there’s more CHD in people with underlying health conditions

77
Q

What are human causes of CHD

A

Human causes of CHD are air quality, social deprivation, tobacco use, poor nutrition and infrequent exercise

78
Q

How does air quality cause CHD

A

Air quality causes CHD as industrialisation has increased particle matter which increases CHD, so in theory, rural areas will be less likely to have high CHD, but there’s no evidence to prove this

79
Q

How does social deprivation cause CHD (London)

A

Social deprivation causes CHD as in London Tower Hamlets, residents are 3x more likely to die prematurely from CHD than those living in Kensington and Chelsea

80
Q

How does tobacco use cause CHD

A

Tobacco use causes CHD as mortality from CHD is 60% higher in smokers

81
Q

How does infrequent exercise cause CHD

A

Infrequent exercise causes CHD as WHO estimates 20% of CHD in developed nations is due to physical inactivity

82
Q

Why is CHD more prevalent in urbanising, developing countries

A

CHD is more prevalent in urbanising, developing countries as there is more exposure to advertisements of unhealthy foods, higher levels of particulate matter air pollution, lack of physical activity and more second-hand smoke inhaled by children

83
Q

What was the cost of CHD on healthcare in UK, 2018

A

the cost of CHD on healthcare in UK, 2018 was £9 billion

84
Q

What was the cost of CHD on economy in UK, 2018

A

the cost of CHD on economy in UK, 2018 was £18 billion

85
Q

What are management strategies of CHD in UK

A

management strategies of CHD in UK are sugar-tax, green-light system to rate healthiness, compulsory PE lessons in UK and also congestion charge in London to prevent car air pollution

86
Q

What did Mauritius’ management strategy to stop CHD

A

Mauritius’ management strategy to stop CHD was changing palm oil to soya oil for cooking as it was healthier and lowered cholesterol levels

87
Q

How did Mauritius’ management strategy to stop CHD fail

A

Mauritius’ management strategy to stop CHD failed as obesity levels stayed the same, but cholesterol levels did lower

88
Q

How did sugar tax of 2018 in UK manage CHD

A

sugar tax of 2018 in UK managed CHD as it helped raised £520 million towards primary school sport and lowered the amount of sugary products bought

89
Q

Why is the WHO criticised

A

The WHO is criticised as it is bureaucratic and lacks the practical front-line application to health issues so is too impartial to make decisions

90
Q

What are the positives of NGOs

A

The positives of NGOs are that they’re not affected by the government so work very quickly without extraneous concerns and they work inexpensively and sustainably with local involvement

91
Q

What was the “don’t fry day” approach

A

The “don’t fry day” approach was encouragement scheme to get people to stay out of sunlight between hours 10am to 4pm to reduce melanomas and skin cancers

92
Q

How much has extreme weather disasters increased

A

extreme weather disasters increased five fold over past 50 years, killing more than 2 million people

AQA A-Level Human Geography (6 decks)

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