P2

Question 1

What are the types of drag?

Answer 1

1. Parasite = Non-lifting portions of helicopter.
2. Profile = Friction of rotor blades through air.
3. Induced = Production of lift; high angles of attack produce more.
4. Total Drag = Sum of all drag.

Question 2

What occurs during airflow in a hover – In Ground Effect (IGE)?

Answer 2

Increased efficiency within 1 rotor disk. Reduced rotor-tip vortices caused by horizontal airflow buildup. Reduced drag allows more lift with less power.

Question 3

What happens during airflow in a hover – Out of Ground Effect (OGE)?

Answer 3

Requires more power due to increased induced flow. Higher AOA needed to produce lift, resulting in more drag on the blade.

Question 4

What is dissymmetry of lift?

Answer 4

Difference in lift between advancing and retreating blades. Compensated by blade flapping and cyclic feathering.

Question 5

What is the blade flapping effect?

Answer 5

• Advancing Blade: Flaps up (reduced AOA).
• Retreating Blade: Flaps down (increased AOA).

Question 6

What is the translating tendency in helicopters?

Answer 6

Tail rotor thrust causes helicopter to drift right. Countered by left cyclic input.

Question 7

What is the transverse flow effect?

Answer 7

Occurs at 10–20 knots:
• Front disk = more lift.
• Rear disk = descending airflow = less lift.
Causes right rolling motion; corrected by left cyclic.

Question 8

When does effective translational lift (ETL) occur?

Answer 8

Occurs at 16–24 knots. Rotor blades outrun vortices, entering clean air. Improved efficiency and performance.

Question 9

What are the conditions for settling with power?

Answer 9

1. Vertical descent >300 ft/min.
2. Low airspeed (<ETL).
3. 20–100% power applied.

Question 10

What conditions are conducive to settling with power?

Answer 10

• Steep approach.
• Downwind approach.
• Hover above max ceiling.
• OGE hover, low altitude control.

Question 11

What is dynamic rollover?

Answer 11

Lateral rolling when pivot point prevents motion. Causes a rolling motion if critical angle is exceeded.

Question 12

What are the causes of dynamic rollover?

Answer 12

1. Human Factors (inattention).
2. Inexperience.
3. Inappropriate control inputs.
4. Loss of visual reference.

Question 13

What are the IIMC procedures?

Answer 13

1. Announce – “I am IIMC.”
2. Attitude – Level wings.
3. Heading – Maintain/turn only to avoid obstacles.
4. Torque – Adjust for climb.
5. Trim – Maintain.
6. Airspeed – Adjust as necessary.
7. Altitude – Adjust to VFR altitude.

Question 14

What does AR 95-1 state about lights?

Answer 14

Anti-collision lights must be used unless conditions prevent safety.

Question 15

What are the deviations allowed under AR 95-1?

Answer 15

Individuals may deviate from AR 95-1 during emergencies.

Question 16

What is the currency requirement for flying?

Answer 16

Must fly once every 60 days to maintain currency.

Question 17

What are the fuel requirements for VFR and IFR?

Answer 17

• VFR: 20 min reserve fuel.
• IFR: 30 min reserve fuel.

Question 18

Weather (WX) - Icing

Answer 18

No flight into known or forecast severe icing.

Question 19

Weather (WX) - Turbulence

Answer 19

• No flight into known or forecast extreme turbulence.
• No flight into known severe turbulence.

Question 20

Weight & Balance (365-4) – PC Responsibilities

Answer 20

1. Completed form is onboard aircraft.
2. Accuracy of computations (signature).
3. Weight & CG remain within allowable limits throughout the flight.

Question 21

Weight & Balance – Class 2 Aircraft

Answer 21

• Aircraft where weight/CG limits can be exceeded by loading.
• Records must be reviewed at least every 12 months.

Question 22

Weight & Balance – When to Weigh

Answer 22

• Overhaul / Major Repair.
• Modifications >1% of basic weight.
• Every 12 months (Class 1) or 24 months (Class 2).

Question 23

WX Brief

Answer 23

• Info from a U.S. Military weather facility.
• Valid for 1 hr 30 min from forecast time.

Question 24

ALSE (P-1)

Answer 24

1. Survival Radio (CSEL).
2. ID tags.
3. Approved flight helmet.
4. Flight suit.
5. Boots.
6. Gloves.

Question 25

Oxygen Requirements

Answer 25

• Above 10,000 ft PA = 1 hr. • Above 12,000 ft PA = 30 min. • Above 14,000 ft PA = Continuous. • Above 18,000 ft PA = Pre-breathe 30 min prior.

Question 26

Stress Types

Answer 26

1. Psychosocial – Job, Illness, Family. 2. Environmental – Altitude, Speed, Cold, Aircraft Design. 3. Physiological – Drugs, Self-Medication, Exhaustion.

Question 27

Cognitive Stress

Answer 27

Failure to focus on here and now. Includes: • Musts/Shoulds. • Responsibility of Choice.

Question 28

Fatigue (P-2)

Answer 28

1. Acute – 2 sleep periods cured by rest. 2. Chronic – Successive acute cycles (weeks to recover). 3. Motivational Exhaustion – Burnout.

Question 29

Hypoxia (P-2) – Definition

Answer 29

Insufficient oxygen in the body. Don’t self-medicate above 10,000 ft PA.

Question 30

Types of Hypoxia

Answer 30

1. Hypoxic – Not enough O2 in air (altitude). 2. Hypemic – Blood can’t carry O2 (CO poisoning). 3. Histotoxic – Tissue can’t use O2 (cyanide/drugs). 4. Stagnant – Poor circulation (high Gs).

Question 31

Stages of Hypoxia

Answer 31

1. Indifferent (0–10,000’). 2. Compensatory (10,000–15,000’). 3. Disturbance (15,000–20,000’). 4. Critical (>20,000’).

Question 32

Spatial Disorientation (P-2)

Answer 32

Pilot’s erroneous perception of position, attitude, or motion.

Question 33

Types of Spatial Disorientation

Answer 33

1. Type 1 – Unrecognized (most dangerous). 2. Type 2 – Recognized (SD is realized). 3. Type 3 – Incapacitating (loss of control).

Question 34

Systems Affecting Spatial Disorientation

Answer 34

1. Visual – Most important. 2. Vestibular – Semicircular canals detect angular acceleration. 3. Somatosensory – Joint/muscle pressure. 4. Auditory – Balance and motion cues.

Question 35

Visual Illusions

Answer 35

1. Vection – Induced motion illusion. 2. False Horizon. 3. Confusion – Ground lights. 4. Height Perception. 5. Crater Illusion. 6. Fascination – Task fixation. 7. Autokinesis – Light appears to move.

Question 36

Somatogravic Illusions

Answer 36

Caused by acceleration/deceleration: 1. G-Excess Illusion – Feels like climbing when nose is down. 2. Elevator Illusion – Upward thrust makes nose pitch down.

Question 37

Coriolis Illusion

Answer 37

Most dangerous; head movement during turn can cause tumbling sensation.

Question 38

Fuel Requirements

Answer 38

• VFR: 20-minute reserve. • IFR: 30-minute reserve.

Question 39

What is the altitude range for Class A airspace?

Answer 39

From 18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL600, including airspace overlying waters within 12 nautical miles of the U.S. coastline. Operations in Class A airspace require IFR clearance.

Question 40

What defines Class B airspace?

Answer 40

Class B airspace extends from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding major airports, with individually tailored boundaries resembling an inverted wedding cake. Operations require ATC clearance.

Question 41

What is the altitude range and configuration for Class C airspace?

Answer 41

From the surface to 4,000 feet above airport elevation (MSL) with a core area of a 5 NM radius and an outer area of a 10 NM radius extending 1,200–4,000 feet above airport elevation. Two-way radio communication with ATC is required.

Question 42

What distinguishes Class D airspace?

Answer 42

Class D airspace extends from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (MSL), surrounding airports with an operational control tower. Two-way radio communication with ATC is required.

Question 43

What is Class G airspace?

Answer 43

Class G is uncontrolled airspace not classified as A, B, C, or D. It does not require ATC clearance or communication.

Question 44

What is prohibited airspace, and why is it established?

Answer 44

Prohibited areas restrict all flight activity for reasons of national security or other significant concerns. Examples include sensitive government installations.

Question 45

What is the difference between restricted areas and warning areas?

Answer 45

Restricted areas limit access due to hazardous activities (e.g., artillery, firing, aerial gunnery), while warning areas denote hazards to non-participating aircraft, often over international waters.

Question 46

What is a Military Operations Area (MOA)?

Answer 46

MOAs separate certain military training activities from IFR traffic. Nonparticipating IFR traffic may transit MOAs if cleared by ATC.

Question 47

How long should a pilot wait to fly after donating blood?

Answer 47

72 hours if donating 200cc or more; consult a flight surgeon.

Question 48

What is the recommended wait time after scuba diving before flying?

Answer 48

24 hours to avoid decompression sickness.

Question 49

What are the wait times for flying after using anesthesia?

Answer 49

Local anesthesia requires a 12-hour wait; consult medical guidance for others.

Question 50

What are common exogenous factors that could affect flight performance?

Answer 50

Fatigue, hypoxia, stress, medication effects, and middle ear discomfort during altitude changes.

Question 51

What is the “Post-Roll (Gillingham) Illusion”?

Answer 51

A misperception where a pilot incorrectly senses bank recovery after a roll, leading to overcorrection.

Question 52

How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation?

Answer 52

Trust instruments, avoid flying in poor visibility without training, and perform frequent cross-checks.

Question 53

What is the recommended treatment for spatial disorientation?

Answer 53

Transfer controls to another pilot if possible, and rely on instruments to reorient.