IP HW Flashcards
What is hypoxia
Hypoxia results when the body lacks oxygen.
• Drugs = Never self-medicate
• Alcohol = 1 oz. = 2000’ physiological alt.
• Smoke = 3 cigs rapidly or 20-30 in 24 hrs. = 5000’ at sea level and 20% night vision
hypoxic
• Not enough O2 in air (Altitude)
1. Stages of Hypoxic (ICDC)
• Indifferent (0’ – 10,000’)
• Compensatory = (10,000’ – 15,000’)
• Disturbance = (15,000’ – 20,000’)
• Critical = (20,000’ +)
Hypemic
Reduction in O2 carrying capacity of the blood.
Ex: Blood Loss, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Anemia
HISTOTOXIC
Tissue cannot absorb O2 due to poisoning
(cyanide) / drugs / alcohol
STAGNANT
Inadequate circulation of the blood. Heart Failure, High G’s
Visual system
the most important in maintaining the ability to orient and move in three-dimensional space.
VESTIBULAR
Inner ear contains:
Semicircular Canals (angular acceleration using endolymph fluid sense rotation of head)
Otolith Organs (linear acceleration and gravity, hairs and crystals located in vestibule proper sense head position changes).
SOMATOSENSORY
pressure on joints, muscles, skin, and internal organ movement
AUDITORY
SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSIONS
caused by linear acceleration / gravity – causes the otolith organ to sense a nose-high (or nose low) attitude.
• G-Excess Illusion - results from a change in the direction of the net gravitoinertial force.
• Elevator – occurs during upward acceleration pilots eyes track down, nose seems to rise and pilot push fwd on cyclic
OCULOARGRAVIC ILLUSION
The illusions occur due to the misperception of movement of a fixed object relative to the pilot during change of direction of gravitoinertial force. This is likely due to reflexive desire to maintain visual fixation. Occurs during downward motion (autorotation), causes eyes to track up, feeling nose low pilot pulls aft cyclic and slows to unsafe speeds.
SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSIONS
SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSIONS – caused by angular acceleration / decel – semicircular
• Leans – Most Common, pilot perceives the aircraft is in a turn and leans to correct the illusion
•Graveyard Spiral – occurs when in a long turn semicircular canals reach equilibrium and when you roll out it feels like you rolled into a turn in the opposite direction. If instruments aren’t used pilot rolls right back into the original bank.
• Coriolis Illusion – Most Dangerous, overwhelming disorientation. Prolonged turn allows fluid in semicircular canal to come to equilibrium. If head is moved out of plane other canals are stimulated causing a head over heels tumbling sensation.
Post-Roll (Gillingham) Illusion - Pilot may initiate a roll rate into a coordinated turn, complete the maneuver, but then incorrectly provide control input to add additional bank in the same direction with the misperception of a decrease in bank or roll-reversal. This also sometimes called a “roll-after effect.”
PREVENTION OF SD
nstrument proficiency, Good health, Aircraft design. (Never, Never, Avoid, Trust)
• Never fly VMC and IMC at the same time
• Never fly without visual reference points
• Avoid fatigue, smoking, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and anxiety
• Trust the instruments, develop good scan
TREATMENT OF SD (DR.T )
• Delay intuitive actions
• Refer to instruments
• Transfer controls to other PI
Middle Ear Discomfort
• Avoid flying when sick (cold, sinuses)
• Avoid Valsalva during ascent
• Perform slow descent if able or climb back to altitude
• During climb, yawn, swallow, or rock their jaw to help equalize pressure
